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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are necktonic creatures?
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They are animals that move by swimming.
Greek - 'nectos' = swim |
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What does 'benthos' mean?
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They are animals that do not swim but move across the bottom of a body of water.
From greek 'benthos' = depths |
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What is 'plankton'?
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Thay are animals that drift with the currents.
From greek 'planktos' = wander |
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Where can zooplankton be found at night?
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They can be found near the surface of the water.
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Zooplankton is one type of plankton; what is the other and where does that get its energy from?
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Phytoplankton.
From the sun - just like a plant. |
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Why are plankton important to all sea life?
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They are food for so many creatures.
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What are filter feeders?
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They are animals that filter their food out of the water.
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What are the four oceans in the world?
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They are the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Beginning from the shore out to the deep what are the four zones of the ocean floor?
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Continental Shelf
Continental Slope Continental Rise Abyssal Plain |
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From the surface of the ocean to the deep, what are the three zones in which acquatic creatures live?
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Sunlit zone
Twilight zone Midnight zone |
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What are circular currents called?
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Gyres
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What are currents caused by temperature and salt levels called?
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thermohaline currents
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What causes tides?
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Gravitational pull of the moon.
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What is bioluminescence
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The making and showing of light by animals.
From greek 'bios' = living and from latin 'lumen' = light. |
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What does sessile mean?
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An animal that stays in one place.
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What does pinniped mean?
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Fin-footed (from the latin).
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What are the main differences between a true seal and a sea lion?
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(1) A true seal has no external ear flaps, while a sea lion does. (2) The front flippers of true seals are shorter (3) true seals cannot use their rear flippers for moving and flop along on their bellies.
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What is a 'haul out'?
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It is when a pinniped pulls itself out of the water and onto land.
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What is a rookery?
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It is a pinniped's breeding ground. Usually made up of one dominant male, his females and their pups.
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What are some of the dangers to pinnipeds?
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(1) Eaten by polar-bears, killer whales and sharks. (2) Pups can be washed away from the rookery in a bad storm. (3) Tangled in fishing lines. (4) Lack of food especially for the female who is constantly pregnant or feeding
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What makes a walrus different from other pinnipeds?
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It has a large tusk (teeth).
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The walrus' family name is 'odobenidae'. What does this mean?
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'One that walks with teeth.'
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What food does the walrus eat?
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Benthic animals
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What keeps pinnipeds warm?
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Blubber
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What caused fur seals to become endangered in the 1900s
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Their fur is soft and luxurious and was in high demand for coats.
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What order are sea cows (manatees and dugongs) in?
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Sirenia (from the story of Odysseus and the Sirens)
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What is herpetology the study of?
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The study of amphibians and reptiles. From the Greek word 'herpeton' which means creeping, crawling on their bellies.
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In what ways are reptiles and amphibians like mammals?
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They have a back bone (vertebrates) and they must brreathe oxygen from the air.
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Reptiles and amphibians are ectothermic. What does this mean?
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They are 'cold-blooded.' That means they get their body heat from their surroundings. They need to be warm to move and if it is too cold they become sluggish.
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Reptiles and amphibians are oviparous. What does this mean?
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They reproduce by giving birth to eggs.
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What are differences between the eggs of amphibians and the eggs of reptiles?
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Jelly-like amphibian eggs have to stay moist. Reptile eggs have leathery shells which means they can stay dry.
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What are differences between the babiesof amphibians and the babies of reptiles?
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Newly hatched amphibians look nothing like adult amphibians. Newly hatched reptiles look like their parents.
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What are differences between the skin of amphibians and the skin of reptiles?
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Reptiles have dry scales on their skin made out of keratin (like our fingernails). it is dry and can withstand dry climates. Amphibians have soft skin which must stay moist or the creature will dry out.
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What separates a turtle from other reptiles?
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Its shell. The upper dome is the carapace, the lower plate is the plastron. Both are covered with plates (scutes) which fit together like a puzzle. The turtle's bones are attached to the shell.
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How often do turtles need to breathe?
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At rest they can stay underwater for five hours. when swimming, every few minutes.
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Where do turtles lay their eggs?
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They bury them in beaches - the only time that they come onto land. The female will migrate thousands of miles to lay eggs on the beach where she was born. Once the eggs are laid the mother will have nothing more to do with the eggs.
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Sea snakes cannot survive on land. All other marine reptiles come to the land to lay their eggs. How do sea snakes give birth?
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The eggs are stored inside the mother in a special compartment. when they hatch they slither out of this compartment. It is called ovoviparous.
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How can you distinguish a sea snake from other snakes?
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All sea snakes have a paddle shaped tail. They have specially designed nostrils that can close when they go underwater. Their nostrils are found high up on their head. They have special; glands to get rid of excess salt.
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All sea snakes are highly poisonous. In which two ways does the poison work?
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Attacks the nervous system (neurotoxin) or the blood system (hemotoxin).
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What are the three types of aquatic amphibians?
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Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders
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What is the difference between most amphibians and acquatic amphibians?
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Most amphibians leave the water for long periods of time when they are adults. Aquatic amphibians do not.
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Who found the first fossil of a sea monster and when and where?
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Mary and Joseph Anning. In 1810 at Lyme Regis.
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What two animals is a plesiosaur like?
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A turtle as it has four flippers and a snake because of its long neck.
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What are the three main kinds of fishes?
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1)Bony fishes
2) Cartilaginous fishes 3) Jawless fishes |
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What makes a fish a fish?
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If it has fins for swimming and gills for breathing.
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Fish are cold blooded but do they prefer cooler water?
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Yes. Cooler water contains more oxygen.
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In what class are most fishes placed?
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Osteichytes. From the Greek word 'osteon' which means bone and Greek word 'ichtus' which means fish.
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What do bony fishes have which covers their bodies?
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Scales. They are loosely attached to their bodies. Their scales have a thin coat of slime which protects the fishes from parasites and helps them swim more easily through the water.
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What is the operculum?
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It is a flap that covers a bony fish's gills. It opens and closes as they breath.
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How does a fish breathe?
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It opens its mouth. Water enters and passes over the blood vessels in the gills, where oxygen from the water is absorbed into the blood vessels. As oxygen goes into the blood, the blood also releases carbon dioxide. This goes into the water that is passing over the gills and then the water exits through the operculum.
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The pectoral fins and pelvic fin are paired. What are they for?
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They enable the fish to travel in any direction.
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What do the dorsal and anal fins do?
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These fins (on the top and bottom) give the fish balance. The dorsal fin is also a weapon.
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What is the caudal (tail) fin for?
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It moves the fish forward. The shape influences the speed of the fish through the water.
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What is the shape of a fusiform fish?
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A rounded, bullet shape where both ends taper to a point. Sharks, marlins, swordfishes, tuna.
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What is the shape of an eel shape fish.
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A ribbon shape. They are slow swimmers and are designed to hide in crevices and spring out to catch prey. Eels and gunnels.
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What is the shape of a depressed fish?
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Flat. They hide on ocean floors and are often well camouflaged. All depressed fish can see out of both eyes when they are lying down. Batfish,rats and flounders.
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What is the shape of a compressed fish?
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Flat bodies with an eye on each side. They swim upright and can be very thin. Live in reefs where ability to dart in to corals keeps them safe. Angelfish, surgeonfish and butterfly fish.
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What are some of the ways that fishes use to defend themselves?
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Camouflage
Counter-shading (body is light on the bottom and darker on the top). Advertising (advertising poison or quills) Schools |
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How do fish (which are denser than water) not sink?
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By using a swim bladder (like a balloon) filled with gas which instinctively regulates its size with muscles
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How are fish able to smell?
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Nares in the nostril. Inside the nares are nerve endings which can detect chemicals in the water. Chemicals travel quickly in the water so they can smell for many miles.
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Fish have monocular vision. What does that mean?
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They have the ability to see out of each eye separately
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Are fishes able to hear?
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Yes. They have adapted hearing which allows them to hear many noises in the water. Sound travels more than four times faster in water than it does in the air.
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What are lateral lines?
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It is an extremely sensitive body feature. It is a line of narrow pores that run along the side of the fishes body. These lead to a chamber filled with sensory hairs which sense vibrations in the water.
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What is spawning?
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It is the most common way that fish reproduce. The female lays eggs in the water. When the male locates them he fertilises them with sperm. The baby fish then start to form inside the eggs.
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What are the five stages of development in a fish?
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1). egg stage
2). larval stage 3). Postlarval stage 4). Juvenile stage 5). Adult stage |
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Cartilaginous Fishes
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Lesson 7
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What are cartilaginous fishes skeletons made of?
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Cartilage instead of bones.
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What other differences are there between bony and cartilaginous fishes?
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C. have scales that are more like tiny teeth whereas bony fishes have slimy scales that lie flat. C. have thick and rubbery fins whereas bony fishes have thin almost transparent fins. C. fish do not have a swim bladder. C. fish do not have operculum to cover their gills but gill slits.
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What are three types of cartilaginous fishes?
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Sharks, rays and agnathans.
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What are the names of some of the rays?
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Stingray, Manta Ray, Electric Rays, Eagle Rays, Sawfish and Skates.
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What are special about the teeth of sharks.
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They have several rows of teeth. When a front row tooth breaks a new one from the row behind takes its place.
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How are shark able to sense smell many miles away?
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On their snouts they have two holes. These are nerve receptors (the ampullae of Lorenzini) which sense anything in the water which is giving off electricity.
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How can you tell the difference between a shark and a dolphin?
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When they are swimming just below the surface the dolphin will only show a fin whereas the shark will show a fin and tail.
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What are some of the names of sharks?
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Whale shark (biggest fish in the world); tiger shark, great white shark, blue sharks and hammerhead sharks.
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What does agnatha (the third type of cartilaginous fish) mean?
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'gnatha' means jaw. Placing an 'a' in front means without. So it means without a jaw.
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Does an 'agnatha' have a mouth?
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It does have a mouth put it is unable to open or close it.
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Does an 'agnatha' have a mouth?
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It does have a mouth but it is unable to open or close it.
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What are two examples of agnatha?
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Lamprey and hagfish.
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