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78 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical produce their own food.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other then plants.
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Receptors
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.
Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms.
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of it's parents.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a questionl
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with significant amount of data.
Scientific Law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
Microorganisms
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
Abiogenesis
The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.
Prokaryotic Cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Eukaryotic Cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Binomial Nomenclature
Naming an organism with it's genus and species name.
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Saprophyte
An organism that feeds on dead matter.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Aerobic Organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Anaerobic Organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Steady State
A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born.
Exponential Growth
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Logistic Growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Plasmid
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one of more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
Transformation
The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell.
Transduction
The process in which infection by a viruc results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.
Endospore
The DNA and other eseential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers.
Strains
Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits.
Pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell which contains the cell’s main DNA.
Vacuole
A membrane-bound "sac" within a cell.
Ectoplasm
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.
Endoplasm
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
Flagellate
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
Pellicle
A thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Eyespot
A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa.
Symbiosis
A relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
Mutalism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Cilia
Hair-like projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
Plankton
Tiny organisms that float in the water
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
Phytoplankton
Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
Thallus
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.
Sessile Colony
A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.
Extracellular Digestion
Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.
Mycelium
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food – plural mycelia.
Hypha
Filament of fungal cells – plural hyphae.
Rhizoid Hypha
A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows.
Aerial Hypha
A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows.
Sporophore
Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores.
Stolon
An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments.
Haustorium
A hypha of a parasitic fungus which enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm.
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Fermentation
The anaerobic (without oxygen) breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules (i.e. alcohol, carbon dioxide, and lactic acid).
Zygospore
A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering.
Zygote
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.
Antibiotic
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rates of other organisms.