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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physical Activity |
-any movement produced by skeletal MM which results in increased energy expenditure |
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Exercise vs. Physical Activity |
Exercise is: Planned Structured Repetitive Purposive |
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness |
-ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply O2 during sustained physical activity |
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Indirect Calorimetry |
-instead of measuring heat we measure O2 consumed and CO2 produced -approximately 5 kcal per liter of O2 consumed |
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Absolute VO2 |
-L of O2/min -volume of O2 inspired - volume of O2 expired |
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Relative VO2 |
-take VO2 and multiply by 1000 and divide by weight in kilograms -we do this to compare different body sizes |
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Metabolic Equivalent (MET) |
-represent resting metabolism -energy cost can be expressed by MET units 1 MET = 3.5 ml per kg per min |
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Why do we test strength? |
1) to predict performance 2) to implement and evaluate a training program 3) measure of rehabilitation |
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Health Screening |
-identifies individuals at high risk for exercise and then referring them to appropriate care |
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What should a Health Questionaire include? |
-medical diagnoses and history -symptom, exercise, work, and family history -recent illness or surgeries -orthopedic problems -medicine use and allergies |
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Family History (Risk Factor) |
-mom dies before 65 -dad dies before 55 |
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Cigarette Smoking (Risk Factor) |
-current smoker or quit within 6 months |
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Hypertension (Risk Factor) |
-over 140/90 |
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Hypercholesterolemia (Risk Factor) |
-LDL higher than 130 -HDL lower than 40 -total higher than 200 -If HDL >60 then subtract a risk factor |
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Obesity (Risk Factor) |
-BMI over 30 - Waist > 102 cm for men - Waist > 88 cm for women |
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Sedentary Lifestyle (Risk Factor) |
-not participating in 30 mins of exercise 3 days per week for at least 3 months |
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Impaired Fasting Glucose |
-fasting blood glucose > 110 |
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Why is Risk Stratification important? |
1) identify if person needs physician referral 2) ensure safety of exercise 3) determine appropriate type of exercise (Know table on pg 14) |
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P Wave |
-represent atrial depol -amplitude is .05-.25 mV -normal duration is .05-.11 seconds |
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PR Interval |
-indicates AV conduction -measure from beginning of P wave to the beginning of QRS -duration of .12-.20 seconds |
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QRS Complex |
-represents ventricular depol -measure from Q to S and is usually .06-.12 sec |
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Creatine Kinase Reaction |
-removes P from PCr and donates to ADP -cellular stores are small and provide energy needed at the start of exercise and not remade till recovery -present in all skeletal and heart MM |
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Adenylate Kinase Reaction |
-primarily in fast-twitch fibers -only operates when ADP levels are high ADP+ADP = ATP + AMP |
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Glycolysis |
-nonoxidative anaerobic pathway -occurs in cytoplasm -lactate is produced when mitochondrial activity is insufficient to accept NADH or pyruvate |
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Aerobic ATP production |
-occurs in mitochondria -operates through: 1) Kreb's Cycle 2) Oxidative Phosphorylation -know the table on pg 38 |
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Maximal HR |
-when HR plateaus with increased work rate - 220-Age with an error of 10 bpm |
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Sympathetic Activity on Heart |
-it can increase the HR and enhance atrial/vent contractility |
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Parasympathetic Activity on Heart |
-release ACh which inhibits cardiac pacemaker -ACh interacts with muscarinic receptors and inhibits NE from neighboring sympathetic nerve -the strongest influence on HR |
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Stroke Volume |
-amount of blood pumped per beat -SV increases with workload of 40-60% of max -resting SV is typically 60-70ml |
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Frank Starling Principle |
-total blood volume, body position, and pumping action is what stretches the myocardium the most |
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Cardiac Output |
- SV*HR -at rest is about 5L/min -can increase to 20-40 L/min -any increase in Q after 40-60% is because of HR |
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A-VO2 Difference |
-is about 6 ml O2/100 ml of blood at rest -can increase to 16-18 ml |
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VO2 Max |
-maximal rate at which O2 can be taken up, distributed and used by the cells -when increased work rate fails to increase VO2 |
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VO2 Peak |
-highest VO2 reached, since a plateau is rarely viewed on a max test |
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How long does it take to reach steady state exercise? |
-2-4 minutes |
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O2 Deficit |
-defines the lag in VO2 at the beginning of exercise
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Excess Post-Exercise O2 consumption |
-elevated VO2 following exercise -because: 1) converting lactate to glucose 2) restore PCr and O2 3) elevated body temp and hormones |
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Mean Arterial Pressure |
-average pressure generated during a cardiac cycle MAP= DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP) MAP= Q * SVR |
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Systemic Vascular Resistance |
-the sum of all forces that oppose blood flow |
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Regulation of BP |
Acute - sympathetic NS Long-Term - kidneys |
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Control of Blood Flow |
Extrinsic - neural control to maintain pressure Local - meets tissue requirements |
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Vasodilation results from: |
1) reduction in tissue O2 tension 2) breakdown of ATP to produce adenosine 3) endothelial and neuronal Nitric Oxide 4) endothelium-derived relaxing factor |
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Purposes of breathing |
1) exchange of O2 and CO2 2) control of blood acidity 3) oral communication |
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Factors in Fick's Gas Law |
1) Alveolar Surface Area 2) Endothelial Thickness 3) Diffusion Coefficient 4) Pressure at 2 places |
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Minute Ventilation |
-amount of gas into and out of the lungs per minute VE = frequency * tidal volume (500ml) |
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Partial Pressures for O2 |
Venous : 40 mmHg Alveolar : 100 mmHg Arterial : 95 mmHg |
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Partial Pressures for CO2 |
Venous : 46 mmHg Alveolar : 45 mmHg Arterial : 40 mmHg |
