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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe fibrous joints.
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Bound together by connective tissue and allow no movement
Immovable after birth Example: Skull sutures |
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Describe cartiliginous joints.
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The body of one bone connects to another by cartilage
Slight movement Example: Disks of the vertebrae |
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Describe synovial joints.
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Bony surfaces separated by lubricating fluid & cartilage
Allows most movement Example: Knee, shoulder and ankle |
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Name the 6 different synovial joints.
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Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, ball and socket, saddle
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Describe a gliding joint.
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Connects flat or slightly curved bone surfaces
Example: Joints in the foot between tarsals and hand carpals |
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Describe a hinge joint.
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The convex portion of one bone fits into the concave portion of another
Allows movement in one plane Example: Joints between finger bones and between the ulna & humerus |
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Describe a pivot joint.
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Allows rotation in one plane
A rounded point of one bone fits into the groove of another Example: Atlantoaxial articular joint between the first two vertebrae |
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Describe a ellipsoid joint.
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Allows movement in two planes
Example: The wrist and between the 2nd metacarpal & 1st phalanx |
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Describe a saddle joint.
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Allow movement in two planes
Do not allow for rotation like ball and socket joints Carpal-metacarpal articulation of the thumb |
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Describe a ball and socket joint.
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Provides movement around 3 axes
Example: Hip and shoulder |
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Describe strains pulls and tears.
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Used to describe injuries to all joint tissue types
Sprains are associated with ligaments and tendons Pulls and strains are associated with muscle Fall into three categories of severity |
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What is tendonitis?
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An inflammation of a tendon caused by irritation due to prolonged or abnormal abuse
“Itis” means inflammation of the particular organ or tissue Treatment involves rest and cold/heat therapy, casts, splints and injections of coricoidsteroids |
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What are dislocations?
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Occurs when a bone is displaced from its original location
Most commonly occurs in the finger joints Damages the joint capsule and tendons connecting the two bones Muscle or ligaments may also be torn Causes pain, and may look deformed |
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What are seperations?
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Occur when bones held together by fibrous ligaments tear and separate from each other
An example is the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints |
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What is PIER?
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Used to treat an injury
Pressure Ice Elevation Restriction |
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What is SHARP?
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Used to recognize if an injury has occurred
Swelling, instantly or over time Heat increase in the area Altered, the tissue will not function properly Red in colour Painful to touch or move |
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Describe Pathway 1 of the three metabolic pathways.
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ATP-PC Anaerobic Alactic Pathway
Energy Source: ATP and phosphocreatine Duration: 10 to 15 seconds Muscle Fibre: Type IIB (fast twitch) By-product: None Anaerobic or aerobic: Anaerobic Example: 100 m dash, high jump, Olympic weightlifting |
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Describe Pathway 2 of the three metabolic pathways.
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Glycolysis
Energy Source: Glucose and glycogen to make ATP & involves 11 biochemical reactions Duration: 1-3 minutes of high level performance Muscle Fibre: Type IIA (Fast twitch) By-product: Lactic Acid Anaerobic or aerobic: Anaerobic Example: Hockey shift or 400 meter run |
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Describe Pathway 3 of the three metabolic pathways.
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Cellular Respiration
Energy Source: Uses glucose, glycogen, fats and protein to make ATP Duration: Over two minutes Muscle Fibre: Type I (Slow twitch) By-product: Carbon dioxide and water Anaerobic or aerobic: Aerobic Example: Marathon run, swim or soccer game |
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Describe slow twitch muscles.
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Generate and relax tension slowly
Able to maintain a lower level of tension for longer time periods Ideal for long distance running, swimming and cycling |
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Describe fast twitch muscles.
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• Tense and relax quickly
Generate large amounts of tension with low endurance Tense and relax quickly Ideal for short sprints, power lifting and explosive jumping |
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Describe type one muscle fibres.
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Slow Oxidative
Generate energy slowly Fatigue resistant Depend on the aerobic process’ |
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Describe type two A muscle fibres.
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Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Intermediate type muscle fibres Allow for high speed energy release Allow for glycolytic capacity |
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Describe type two B muscle fibres.
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Fast Glycolytic
Store glycogen or high levels of enzymes Allow for quick contraction without oxygen |
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Define carbohydrates.
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The most abundant organic substances in nature that are essential to human life
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Define metabolism.
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A complex process by which energy is supplied throughout the body and by which energy rich materials are assimilated by the body for the purposes of energy renewal
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Define tonic muscles.
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Muscles that assist the body with maintaining posture or stability during activities such as standing, walking or throwing
Contain a lot of type I fibres |
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Define phasic muscles.
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Muscles that contain a lot of type IIA and IIB fibres
An example is the biceps brachii |
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Define parapalegia
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An injury that prevents the use of the legs but not the arms
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Define quadrapalegia
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An injury that prevents the use of the legs and the arms
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Describe the central nervous system. What are the two parts?
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Divided into two parts
1)The Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord The main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system 2)The Brain The main control centre that receives and interprets endless messages |
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What does the cerebrum do?
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The largest part of the brain
Contains nerve centers that control sensory and motor activities and intelligence |
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What does the cerebellum do?
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The second largest region of the brain
Functions to coordinate muscle movement and control balance |
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What does the brain stem do?
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Links the cerebrum and the spinal cord
Houses brain centers that are responsible for autonomic functions, postural control, muscle tone and eye movement |
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What does the diencephalon do?
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Consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus
The thalamus relays sensory stimuli, controls awareness of pain, screening of incoming signals and paying attention The hypothalamus controls body temperature, appetite, emotions and automatic functions |
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What does the limbic system do?
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Screens information going to the cerebral cortex
Regulate basic drives such as hunger, aggression and emotional drives |
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What does the reticular activating system do?
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A network of neurons spanning throughout the cerebral cortex and directs information to appropriate centres of interpretation
Crucial for maintaining consciousness |
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Describe the perepheral nervous system.
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Consists parts of the nervous system that aren’t included in the CNS
Carries information to and from the CNS Contains both autonomic and somatic components |
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Describe the autonomic nervous system.
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Comprised of two systems that work in unison
1)Sympathetic System Causes localized bodily adjustments too occur Prepares the body for emergencies (releases adrenaline and increases the heart rate) 2)Parasympathetic System Works to restore the body back to normal after the altercation from the sympathetic system |
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Describe the somatic nervous system.
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Handles muscles in our extremities
Contains afferent nerves that senses and sends information to the CNS Contains efferent nerves that instructs movement by sending instructions to the skeletal muscle; the PNS receives and processes information |
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What is a reflex arc?
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A pathway in which the initial stimulus and the corresponding response message travels
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Describe the steps of a reflex arc.
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The receptor receives the stimulus
The sensory/afferent nerve, which carries the impulse to the spine or brain The intermediate nerve fibre interprets the signal & issues a response The motor nerve carries the response message from the spinal cord to the muscle or organ The effector organ (skeletal) carries out the response (such as removing a hand from a hot stove) |
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What are proprioceptors?
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Controls how a muscle fibre knows how much to contract, when to relax and how to coordinate with other muscle fibres
Involves specialized receptors located in tendons, ligaments and muscles called proprioreceptor s Provide sensory information about the state of muscle contraction, the position of limbs and body posture and balance This action is provided by sensory input from the tendon organs and muscle spindles |
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What are polysnaptic reflexes?
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The Withdrawal Reflex
Rapid and occurs before the brain has time to interpret the information Involves the withdrawal of a body part from a painful stimulus Involves transferring the impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron through a connecting interneuron in the spinal cord |
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Describe a concussion.
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Occurs when the brain shakes within the skull
May cause damage to nerve fibres Brain cells become abnormal and do not function properly May result in unconsciousness, headache, dizziness and fatigue |
