Exercise Physiology Test 1

Front 1

exercise physiology

Back 1

a basic and applied sceince that describes, explains, and uses the body's response to exercise and adaptation to exercise training to maximize human phy sical potential

Front 2

exercise

Back 2

a single acute bout of bodily exertion or muscular activity that requires an expenditure of energy above resting level and that in most, but not all, cases results in voluntary movement

Front 3

exercise response

Back 3

the pattern of homeostatic disruption or change that physiological variables exhibit during a single acute bout of physical exertion

Front 4

exercise modality or mode

Back 4

the type of activity or sport; usually classified by energy demand or type of muscle action

Front 5

maximal exercise

Back 5

the highest intensity, greatest load, or longest duratiom exercise of which an individual is capable

Front 6

absolute submaximal workload

Back 6

a set exercise load performed at any intesnity from just above resting to just below maximum

Front 7

relative submaximal workload

Back 7

a workload above resting but below maximum that is prorated to each individual; typically set as some percentage of maximum

Front 8

maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)

Back 8

maximal force that the muscle can exert

Front 9

1-RM

Back 9

the maximal weight that an individual can lift once, during a dynamic resistance exercise

Front 10

criterion test

Back 10

the standard against which other tests are judged

Front 11

labratory test

Back 11

precise, direct, measurement of physiological functions for the assessment of exercise responses or training adaptations; usually involves monitoring, collection, and analysis of expired air, blood, or electrical signals

Front 12

field test

Back 12

a test that can be conducted anywhere; is perfomance based and estimates the values measured by the criterion test

Front 13

training

Back 13

a consistent or chronic progression of exercise sessions designed to improve physiological function for better health or sport performance

Front 14

health related physical fitness (HRPT)

Back 14

that protion of physical fitness directed toward the prevention of or rehabilitation from disease as well as the development of a high level of functional capacity for the necessary and discretionary tasks of life

Front 15

hpokinetic diseases

Back 15

diseases caused by and/or associated with lack of physical activity

Front 16

sport specific physical fitness (SSPF)

Back 16

that protion of physical fitness which is direction toward optimizing athletic performance

Front 17

physical fitness

Back 17

a physiological state of well being that provides the foundation for the tasks of daily living, a degree pf protection against hypokinetic disease, and a basis for participation in sport

Front 18

training principles

Back 18

fundamental guidelines that form the basis for the development of an exercise training program

Front 19

training volume

Back 19

the quantity of training overload calculated as frequency times duration

Front 20

periodization

Back 20

plan for training based on a manipulation of the fitness components with the intent of peaking the athlete for the competitive season or varying health related fitness training in cycles of harder or easier training

Front 21

training adaptions

Back 21

physiological changes or adjustments resulting from an exercise training program that promotes optimal functioning

Front 22

neurotransmitters

Back 22

chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with target cells of either other neurons or effector organs

Front 23

hormones

Back 23

chemical substances that originate in glandular tissue and are transported through body fluids to a atarget cell to influence physiology activity

Front 24

impulse

Back 24

an electrical charge transmitted through certain tissue that results in the stimulation or inhibition of physiological activity

Front 25

action potential

Back 25

the reversal of polarity or change in electrical potential across a nerve membrane that generates an electrical current

Front 26

synpases

Back 26

the gap or junction between terminal ends of the axon and other neurons, muscle cells, or glands

Front 27

stress

Back 27

the state manifested by the specific syndrome that consists of all the nonspecifically induced changes within a biological system; a disruption in body homeostasis and all attempts by the body to regain homeostasis

Front 28

overtraining syndrome (OTS)

Back 28

a state of chronic decrememnt in performance and ability to train in which restoration may take several weeks, months, or even years

Front 29

energy system capacity

Back 29

the total amount of energy that can be produced by an energy system

Front 30

energy system power

Back 30

the maximal amount of energy that canbe produced per unit of time

Front 31

peak power (PP)

Back 31

the maximum power(FxD/T) exerted during very short (5 sec or less) duration of work

Front 32

mean power (MP)

Back 32

the average power exerted during short (30 sec) duration of work

Front 33

fatigue index (FI)

Back 33

percentage of peak power drop-off during high intesnity, short duration work

Front 34

oxygen deficit

Back 34

the difference between the oxygen required during exercise adn the oxygen supplied and utilized, occurs at the onset of all activity

Front 35

supramaximal exercise

Back 35

an eercise bout in which the energy requirement is greater than that which can be supplied aerobically at VO2 max

Front 36

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Back 36

oxygen consumption during recovery that is above normal resting values

Front 37

maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)

Back 37

the highest workload that can be maintained over time without a continual rise in blood lactate; it indicates an exercise intesnity above which lactate production exceeds clearance

Front 38

lactate thresholds

Back 38

points on the linear curvilinear continuum of lactate accumulation that appear to indicate sharp rises often labeled as the first (LT1) and second (LT2) lactate threshold

Front 39

3 factors that need to be considered to describe the acute response to exercise

Back 39

1. modality
2. intensity
3. duration

Front 40

5 primary categories for exercise

Back 40

1. shortt term, light to moderate submaximal aerobic exercise (10-15 min, 30-69% max capacity)
2. long term, moderate to heavy submaximal aeorbic exercise (30-240min, 55-89% max)
3. incremental aerobic exercise to maximum (stages, get to 100%, total duration 5-30 min)
4. static exercise (2-10 mins)
5. dynamic resistance exercise (use repetions to measure duration)

Front 41

8 training principles

Back 41

1. specificity (aim for certain goal)
2. overload
3. rest/recovery/adaptation
4. progression (change in overload)
5. retrogression/plateau/reversibility
6. maintenance
7. individualization
8. warm up/cool down

Front 42

5 potential reactions from receptor activation

Back 42

1. change in cell permeability
2. cahnge in enzyme activity of cell
3. change in secretory activity
4. muscle contraction
5. protein synthesis

Front 43

3 primary functions of nervous system

Back 43

1. monitoring internal and external environment through sensory receptors
2. integrating information it has received
3. initiating and coordinating a response by activating muscles and glands

Front 44

primary functions of sympathetic system

Back 44

1. enhance carioresp
2. regulate blod flow and maintain BP
3. maintain thermal balance
4. increase fuel mobilization for the production of energy

Front 45

3 factors affecting blood plasma concentration of a hormone

Back 45

1. rate at which hormone is being secreted
2. rate at which hormone is being broken down/removed
3. how much is biologically activated or in free/unbound state

Front 46

2 goals of endocrine system

Back 46

1. mobilize fuel for production of ATP energy needed to support muscle contraction
2. maintain blood glucose levels

Front 47

3 goals of hormonal system relative to cardiac function

Back 47

1. enhance cardiac function
2. distribute blood to active tissues
3. maintain BP

Front 48

General Adaption syndrome (GAS) 3 steps of bodily reaction to stress

Back 48

1. alarm reaction - shock.countershock
2. stage of resistance
3. stage of exhaustion

Front 49

4 basic patterns of continuum of ATP-PC, LA, O2

Back 49

1. all 3 energy systems are involved in providing energy for all durations of exercise
2. ATP-PC predominates in activites for 10 sec or less
3. anaeorbic metabolism predominates in supplying energy for exercises less than 2 min
4. by 5 min of exercise the O2 system is dominant, longer duration the more dominant it becomes

Front 50

5 factors that affect relative rate of glycolytic and oxidative activity

Back 50

1. muscle contraction
2. enzyme activity
3. muscle fiber type
4. sympathetic nervous system activation
5. insufficient oxygen

Front 51

during transition from rest to work the 4 sources of energy are:

Back 51

1. o2 transport and utilization
2. utilization of o2 stores in capillary blood and bound to myoglobin
3. the splitting of stored ATP-PC
4. anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid production

Front 52

6 factors that cause elevated metabolism in recovery

Back 52

1. restoration of ATP-PC
2. restoration of O2 stores
3. elevated cardiovascular-respiratory function
4. elevated hormone levels
5. elevated body temperature
6. lactate removal

Front 53

gross efficiency equation

Back 53

work output/energy expended x 100

Front 54

net efficiency equation

Back 54

work output/(energy expended-resting metabolic rate)x100

Front 55

rate limiting step of glycolysis

Back 55

phosphofructokinase

Front 56

rate limiting step of krebs cycle

Back 56

isocitrate dehydrogenase

Front 57

rate limiting step of electron transport chain

Back 57

cytochrome oxidase

Front 58

reactants and products of glycolysis

Back 58

reactants = 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose, 2H2
products = 4ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4H+

Front 59

formation of acetyl CoA reactants and products

Back 59

reactants = 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 coenzyme A, H2
products = 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 H+

Front 60

kreb cycle products

Back 60

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 6 H+, 2 FADH2, 4CO2

Front 61

electron transport chain products

Back 61

6H2O, 3 ATP for each of the 10 NADH = 30 ATP, 2 ATP for both FADH2 = 4

Front 62

glycolysis
location
anaerobic or aerobic

Back 62

-cytoplasm
-anaerobic

Front 63

formation of acetyl coa
location
anaerobic or aerobic

Back 63

-mitochondrial matrix
-aerobic

Front 64

krebs cycle
location
anaerobic or aerobic

Back 64

-mitochondrial matrix
-aerobic

Front 65

electron transport chain
location
anaerobic or aerobic

Back 65

-inner mitochondrial membrane
-aerobic

Front 66

3 components of health related physical fitness

Back 66

1. cardiovascular resp endurance
2. body composiiton
3. muscular fitness (strength, endurance, and flexibility)

Front 67

SAID principle

Back 67

-specific adaptations to imposed demands
-what you do is what you get - certain work applies to certain goals

Front 68

3 factors in overload

Back 68

1. frequency
2. intensity
3. duration

Front 69

steploading

Back 69

-in periodization when increase workload and then that becomes the new baseline to work from

Front 70

5 goals/patterns in periodization macro/microcycle

Back 70

1. developmental
2. shock
3. maintenance/competitive
4. tapering/unloading
5. regeneration

Front 71

4 parts of periodization circle

Back 71

1. general preparation phase (wk 1-13)
2. specific preparation phase (wk 14-26)
3. competition phase (wk 27-46)
4. transition phase (wk 47-52)

Front 72

last bout effects

Back 72

benefits that occur only immediately after exercise
-i.e. blood pressure levels

Front 73

augmented last bout effects

Back 73

after this is achieved no increase in training will bring about additional benefit

Front 74

mechanoreceptors

Back 74

pressure, stretch, or contraction

Front 75

proprioceptors

Back 75

spatial orientation

Front 76

nucleus

Back 76

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

Front 77

ganglion

Back 77

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

Front 78

acetylcholine
where is it released?
excitatory or inhibitory?
-receptor name

Back 78

released from somatic motor neurons, parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic fibers
-always excites skeletal muscle, can excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system depending on receptors
-receptors called cholinergic

Front 79

NE
-released from where?
-inhibit/excite
-receptor name

Back 79

-released from sympathetic post ganglionic
-inhibits or excites depending on receptors
-receptors called adrenergic

Front 80

b1 receptors
location?
what excites/inhibits?

Back 80

-located in heart
-NE excites
-actyl inhibits

Front 81

mean sympathetic nerve activity (MNSA)

Back 81

-attempts to quantify activation of SNS during exercise
-measures elcetrical activity in peroneal nerve

Front 82

EMG electric activity in muscle

Back 82

-can be used to test SNS because muscle needs SNS to react

Front 83

3 ways to activate endocrine glands to secrete hormones

Back 83

1. neural
2. hormonal
3. humoral

Front 84

axis

Back 84

-hormones from one gland cause the target gland to secrete a hormone, which affects another gland

Front 85

adipose tissue
hormone
function

Back 85

-leptin
-food intake

Front 86

adrenal cortex
hormone (2)
function

Back 86

A. -cortisol
-metabolism, stress, immune, anti-inflammatory, catabolic to muscle
B. -aldosterone
-Na/K regulation, fluid balance

Front 87

adrenal medulla
hormone
function

Back 87

-NE
-metabolism, cardioresp, stress

Front 88

ovaries
hormone (2)
function

Back 88

A. estrogen
fat deposit, bone remodeling
B. progesterone
catabolic to muscular tissue, bone remodeling

Front 89

testes
hormone
function

Back 89

-testosterone
-bone and muscle growth

Front 90

hypothalamus
hormone (6)
function

Back 90

1. CRH - stimulates AP to secrete ACTH
2. TRH - stimulates AP to secrete TSH
3. GHRH - stimulates AP to secrete GH
4. GHIH - inhibits GH secretion
5. GnRH - stimulates AP to secrete LH and FSH
6. produces ADH/vaso which gets secreted by PP

Front 91

kidneys
hormone
function

Back 91

-erythropoietin
-RBC production

Front 92

leukocytes
hormone
function

Back 92

-cytokines
-immune function

Front 93

liver
hormone
function

Back 93

-somatomedins (IGF)
-anabolic to muscle tissue

Front 94

pancreas
hormone
function

Back 94

-insulin/glucagon
-metablosim, regulates blood glucose levels

Front 95

parathyroid
hormone
function

Back 95

-parathyroid hormone
-plasma Ca and PO4- levels

Front 96

anterior pituitary (AP)
hormone (3)
function

Back 96

-growth hormone - bone and muscle growth, metabolism, stimulates IGF release
-thyroid stimulating hormone - secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
-adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) - secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex

Front 97

posterior pituitary (PP)
hormone (2)
function

Back 97

-FSH/LH - sex hormone secretion
-ADH - fluid balance, cardio function

Front 98

thyroid
hormone (2)
function

Back 98

-T3/T4 - metabolic rate
-calcitonin - plasma CA2+ levels

Front 99

extent of cellular response to receptor hormone binding is based on 3 thing

Back 99

1. blood levels of hormone
2. relative # of receptors
3. affinity for binding

Front 100

functions of cortisol

Back 100

-reduces amino acids to glucose
-turns fats into fatty acids

Front 101

synergistic response

Back 101

-combined effect of hormones is greater than individual

Front 102

complementary response

Back 102

-both or all hormones needed to accomplish task

Front 103

T3 is permissive to what

Back 103

-glucagon
-eph
-NE
-GH
-cortisol

Front 104

specific functions of IGF

Back 104

-amino acid uptake
-muscle synthesis
-connection tissue synthesisi
-bone and cartilage growth
-maintenance of fat-free muscle mass

Front 105

sympathoadrenal activiation

Back 105

-when NE from adrenal circulates in blood an mimics sympathetic nerve fibers

Front 106

sympathetic form of overtraining symptoms

Back 106

-restlessness, elevated HR, decreased appetite, loss of weight, excess sweating, disturbed sleep patterns

Front 107

parasympathetic form of overtraining symptoms

Back 107

-decreased sensitiyvity to pituitary/adrenal hormones, decreased responsiveness of SNS
-less obvious and hard to distinguish from normal positive training adaptions
-more advanced form

Front 108

ATP-PC system

Back 108

-alactic anaerobic metabolism
-stored ATP in muscles
-supplies 10 sec of ability

Front 109

phosphocreatine (PC)

Back 109

-can resynthesize ATP from ADP instantly
-have about 3 times as much PC as ATP

Front 110

lactic acid system (LA)

Back 110

-pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid
-starts working at 40-60% VO2 max

Front 111

3 processes that cause lactate clearance

Back 111

1. oxidation
2. gluconeogensis
3. transamination

Front 112

wingate anaerobic test

Back 112

-all out ride for 30 secs against resistance
-revs/sec counted
-computer generates 3 varaibles - peak power, mean power, fatigue index

Front 113

peak power equation

Back 113

= rev in 5 sec x distance of wheel x force seeting

Front 114

fatigue index equation

Back 114

= (1-lowest power/peak power)x100

Front 115

margaria-kalamen stair climb

Back 115

-runs for 6 m then climbs staircase
-test of alactic anaerobic power because involved in short time

Front 116

ergoogenics

Back 116

creation fo work, any substance that can improve ability to do work (i.e. caffeine, steroids)

Front 117

eph/ne
higher in trained or untrained?

Back 117

untrained

Front 118

insulin
higher in trained or untrained

Back 118

trained

Front 119

glucagon
higher in traind or untrained

Back 119

untrained

Front 120

growth hormone
higher in trained or untrained

Back 120

untrained

Front 121

cortisol
higher in trained or untrained

Back 121

untrained

Front 122

malate aspartate

Back 122

in cardiac muscle allows NADH to be carried through mito membrane

Front 123

glycerol-phosphate

Back 123

in skeletal muscle allows NADH to be carried through mito membrane

Front 124

beta oxidation

Back 124

-cyclic series of steps that breaks off successive pairs of carbon atoms from FFA, which then used to form acetyl CoA