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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Exercise |
Performance of physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity |
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What is the performance of physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity |
Exercise |
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What is the biological study of functions |
Physiology |
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Define Physiology |
The biological study of functions |
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As exercise intensity increases, HR... |
Increases |
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As exercise intensity increases, blood lactate... |
Increases slowly then suddenly spikes |
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As exercise intensity increases, blood pH... |
Remains steady then suddenly drops |
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As the duration of exercise increases, core body temp... |
Increases then plateaus |
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What is homeostasis |
Maintenance of a constant and "normal" internal environment |
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What is steady state? |
The physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily "normal" |
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What is it called when the physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily "normal"? |
Steady state |
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What is the non-biological control system |
Negative feedback to maintain homeostasis |
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Sensor 》control center 》effect |
Non-biological control center |
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C6 H12 O6 |
Glucose (blood sugar/plasma glucose) |
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What is gluconeogenesis? |
The synthesizing of glucose |
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Gluconeogenesis uses what to synthesize glucose? |
Protein, lactate, pyruvate |
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Glucose is synthesized through |
Gluconeogenesis |
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What is glycogenesis? |
Synthesizing glycogen from glucose |
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What is the method of using glucose to synthesize glycogen? |
Glycogenesis |
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Where is glycogen stored? |
Muscle and liver |
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What is glycogen? |
Stored form of CHO |
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Glycogen is stored in the body with...? |
Lots of water |
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Approximately how much glycogen is stored in the body? |
~2000 kcals (15g/kg of body weight) |
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This is the stored form of CHO |
Glycogen |
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What are 3 roles of CHO in the body? |
●energy source ●protein sparer ●metabolic primer |
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How do carbohydrates work as a protein sparer in the body? |
When CHO is low, the body uses protein to create glucose through gluconeogenesis |
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How is CHO a metabolic primer? |
CHO helps "prime" fat oxidation |
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After about an hour of exercise, glycogen is depleted to.. |
50-55% |
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After approximately 2 hours of exercise, glycogen is |
Nearly depleated |
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Triglycerides are composed of |
3 fatty acids and a glycerol |
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C16 H32 O2 is an example of |
A fatty acid |
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What is an example of a fatty acid? |
C16 H32 O2 |
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What is bioenergetics |
The study of energy transfer in living things |
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The study of energy transfer in living things |
Bioenergetics |
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What are the forms of energy? |
Chemical, heat, mechanical |
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Chemical, heat, and mechanical are what? |
Forms of energy |
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What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics? |
Oxygen = Aerobic No Oxygen = Anaerobic |
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Chemical Reactions are tightly regulated by... |
Enzymes |
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Enzymes help |
Regulate the speed of bioenergetics |
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Catalysts that regulate the speed of reaction |
Enzymes |
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Typically "ase" |
Enzymes |
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Lower the energy of activation |
Enzymes |
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Lock and key mechanism |
Enzymes |
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What is the effect of body temp on enzyme activity |
As body temp increases, enzyme activity increases, until a certain degree in which enzyme activity quickly drops |
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The effect of pH on enzyme activity |
As pH increases, enzyme activity increases, until it passes the optimum pH range for enzyme activity |
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What enzyme helps turn ATP to energy? |
ATPase; ATP ---ATPase---> ADP + Pi + Energy |
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Anaerobic ATP production |
●ATP-PC (phosphocreatine breakdown) ●Glycolysis (glucose & glycogen breakdown) |
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Forming ATP via breakdown of phosphocreatine |
ATP-PC system |
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Formation of ATP via degredation of glucose and glycogen |
Glycolysis |
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Is the ATP-PC system aerobic or anaerobic |
Anaerobic |
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Is Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? |
Anaerobic |
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Fast way to synthesize ATP for a short reserve |
ATP-PC |
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Immediate source of ATP? |
ATP-PC |
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What enzyme is needed to get ATP from phosphocreatine? |
Creatine kinase |
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What is creatine kinase? |
An enzyme needed for the ATP-PC system. |
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How does the ATP-PC system work? |
PC+ADP ---creatine kinase--> ATP+C |
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There are 4-6 times more _____ than _____ in a muscle |
Phosphocreatine; ATP |
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What happens during glycolysis |
Glucose and/or glycogen are broken down to create lactate and/or pyruvate |
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During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, how much ATP is required |
Glucose requires 2ATP expenditure while Glycogen requires only 1ATP |
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During the energy generation phase of glycolysis, what is produced? |
4ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate/lactate |
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Where do the 2 phases of glycolysis take place? |
The sarcoplasm of the muscle |
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What happens to NADH after glycolysis? |
If oxygen is present, NADH goes to the electron transport chain (ETC) to drop off electrons, if no oxygen is present, NADH combines with pyruvate to form lactate. |
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What are methods of Aerobic ATP production? |
●Krebs Cycle ●Electron Transport Chain ●Beta Oxidation |
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Krebs Cycle is also known as |
The Citric Acid Cycle |
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During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is converted to |
Acetyl-CoA |
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During the Krebs Cycle, Acetyl-CoA combines with ___ to form ___ |
Oxaloacetate; citrate |
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After citrate is formed in the Krebs Cycle, what happens to the citrate and what forms as a byproduct? |
Citrate is metabolized to oxaloacetate and two CO2 molecules are given off |
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What is produced during the Krebs Cycle |
3 molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH |
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What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle? |
To complete oxidation of macronutrients |
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What happens to the NADH and FADH molecules formed in the Krebs Cycle? |
They go to the Electron Transport Chain |
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What happens at the Electron Transport Chain? |
NADH and FADH drop off their electrons and become NAD and FAD, then the electrons are used to produce ATP |
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How much ATP is produced from a molecule of glucose? |
~32 ATP |
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How much ATP is produced from a molecule of glycogen? |
~33 ATP |
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What happens in the mitochondria during the ETC process? |
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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What happens to electrons in the ETC? |
Electrons are removed from NADH and FADH then passed along a series of carriers (cytochromes) to produce ATP |
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What are cytochromes and where are they found? |
Cytochromes are electron carriers that are found in the ETC which transfer electrons from NADH/FADH through the ETC |
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What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC and what happens when accepted? |
Oxygen accepts the electron to form water. |
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How many ATP come from a single NADH? |
2.5 ATP |
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How many ATP come from a single FADH? |
1.5 ATP |
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What is Beta Oxidation? |
The breakdown of Fatty Acids for energy |
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The breakdown of Fatty acids for energy is known as... |
Beta Oxidation |
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Beta Oxidation chops fatty acids into... |
2 carbon fragments |
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How much ATP is produced from one fatty acid molecule? |
400+ |
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Beta Oxidation occurs in... |
The mitochondria |
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Where does the Krebs Cycle occur? |
The mitochondria |
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What happens to a free fatty acid during Beta Oxidation? |
Free fatty acid is activated forming Fatty Acetyl-CoA. Fatty Acetyl-CoA sends fatty acid through Beta Oxidation while the Acetyl-CoA gets sent to the Krebs Cycle. |