Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
_______ stimulation of the heart causes the heart rate to decrease.
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
Resting cardiac output averages about ___L/min in healthy adults.
|
5
|
|
|
Under resting conditions, approximately ____% of cardiac output is distributed to the skeletal muscles.
|
15-20%
|
|
|
All deoxygenated blood returning to the heart rom the body tissues enters the right______
|
atrium
|
|
|
The _____ node is normally responsible for setting the pace of the heart's rhythmic beating
|
SA
|
|
|
The QRS complex of the electrocardiogram represents depolarization of the _______
|
ventricle
|
|
|
Define vagal tone or vascular tone
|
continuous outflow of sympathetic neural signals to the blood vessels resulting in a constant state of partial vascular constriction.
|
|
|
The plasma of blood (increases or decreases?) with endurance training.
|
increases
|
|
|
EDV-ESV is the same as________
|
stroke volume
|
|
|
The average hematocrit is ____
|
40-45%
|
|
|
Define cardiac output
|
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
|
|
|
Define diastole
|
The relaxation phase of the heart
|
|
|
The _______ _____ supplies oxygen rich blood to the myocardium.
|
coronary artery
|
|
|
Trace bloodflow through the heart.
|
look it up and write it out
|
|
|
What are 6 major cardiovascular functions?
|
1. delivery of oxygen and other nutrients
2. removal of CO2 and other metabolic waste 3. transport of hormones 4. thermoregulation 5. maintenance of pH 6. immune function |
|
|
Which ventricle is the largest one?
|
The left one
|
|
|
With exercise, the _____ ventricle increases in size.
|
left
|
|
|
What are 2 causes of left ventricle hypertrophy?
|
1. wall thickness changes
2. volume changes |
|
|
Define Aortic Stenosis
|
aortic opening is smaller than normal
|
|
|
Which part of the brain deals with cardiac control?
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
|
What part of the brain is in charge of skeletal muscle control?
|
Precentral gyrus
|
|
|
Define aVO2 diff
|
Arterial difference of blood that flows through the muscle
|
|
|
Define Angina
|
the painful symptoms from artherosclerosis
|
|
|
What are 5 risk factors for artherosclerosis?
|
1. increase in LDL
2. decrease in HDL 3. Smoking 4. Hypertension 5. Lack of exercise |
|
|
What is the widow-maker?
|
the left anterior descending artery
|
|
|
Define Heart Attack
|
Heart muscle death so so that it can't pump blood to the rest of the body.
|
|
|
Name 3 ways to fix artherosclerosis
|
1. angioplasti
2. bypass 3. heart transplants |
|
|
Define Marfan syndrome
|
weakening in the major artery (like aorta) and the lack of connective tissue in artery.
|
|
|
Define Aneurysm
|
Large bubble in aorta that bursts
|
|
|
What are 5 signs of marfan syndrome?
|
1. tall and lean
2. long extremities 3. dilated aorta 4. risks for aneurysm 5. caused by genetic defect in fibrin |
|
|
Name the five steps/structures of the cardiac conduction system (in order of their impulses)
|
1. Sinoatrial Node
2. Atrioventricular node 3. AV bundle 4. right and left bundle branches 5. purkinje fibers |
|
|
What are 4 risk factors for having artherosclerosis?
|
1. high cholesterol
2. overweight 3. smoking 4. hypertension |
|
|
What should your HDL levels be?
|
40-45
|
|
|
Define Angiography
|
Used to diagnose blocked arteries
|
|
|
Define Plaque
|
Build-up of cholesterol and WBCs
|
|
|
When you exercise, you increase the number of c_______
|
capillaries
|
|
|
Define arrhythmia
|
abnormal rhythm from excited cell
|
|
|
What is the max vagal tone (for parasympathetic stimulation) heart rate?
|
20-30 beats/ minute
|
|
|
What is the HR for the absence of vagal tone (for PNS)?
|
100 beats/minute
|
|
|
What is the HR for maximal sympathetic stimulation?
|
250 beats per minute
|
|
|
Define Contractility
|
the strength with which the heart contracts
|
|
|
the _____ _____ controls HR until you have enough work to dampen the _______ influence and eventually the _______ NS takes over.
|
1. vagus nerve
2. parasympathetic 3. sympathetic |
|
|
What is the clinically normal HR?
|
60-100 beat/min
|
|
|
Define Bradycardia
|
any HR lower than 60 beats/min
|
|
|
Define Tachycardia
|
any resting HR higher than 100 beats/min.
|
|
|
Define ablation
|
a "zap" kills the cell that creates problems for the heart
|
|
|
Why can you survive in atrial fibrillation?
|
because there is less necessary pressure for passing through valves of the heart.
|
|
|
Define Atrial kick
|
20% of blood at rest that can be pushed into ventricles before they contract.
|
|
|
What is a normal Stroke volume?
|
70
|
|
|
Define Starlings Law
|
More blood that comes back, more blood that goes out
|
|
|
What is the average range for a max SV?
|
170-180
|
|
|
What is an average stroke volume (not while exercising)?
|
150 ml
|
|
|
What is the formula for Emax HR?
|
220-age
|
|
|
Define electrocardiogram
|
graphic representation of the depolarization and repolarization of the heart
|
|
|
What does the P wave represent?
|
Atrial depolarization
|
|
|
What does the QRS phase represent?
|
ventricular depolarization
|
|
|
What does the T wave represent?
|
ventricular repolarization
|
|
|
Why is the QRS wave bigger than the other 2?
|
because the ventricular muscle is bigger
|
|
|
Where does atrial repolarization occur in the ECG?
|
in the QRS phase
|
|
|
Define or describe what a Premature Ventricular Contraction is
|
Skipped or extra beats from impulses originating outside the SA node. Ventricles contract before atria do.
|
|
|
A vector shows both _________ and ___________
|
magnitude and direction
|
|
|
Define Ventricular Fibrillation
|
Contraction of the ventricular tissue is uncoordinated and can result in cardiac death.
|
|
|
What happens in isovolumetric relaxation?
|
Still blood in the heart but no movement of blood. The ventricles are completely closed chambers.
|
|
|
Define murmur
|
valve is not completely sealed so blood can go opposite way its supposed to go.
|
|
|
Define prolapse
|
flaps in the valve fold backwards
|
|
|
Define Isovolumetric
|
pressure isn't high enough for valve to open
|
|
|
What are the 5 curves in the Wiggers Diagram?
|
1. Atrial Pressure
2. Ventricular Pressure 3. Aortic Pressure 4. ventricular volume 5. EKG |
|
|
In atrial pressure ___% of diastole is ____
|
80; passive
|
|
|
During the aortic pressure curve in the Wigger's diagram blood is being ___ into the _____
|
ejected; aorta
|
|
|
The _____ pressure does not change during exercise.
|
Diastolic
|
|
|
Blood pressure is determined by which 3 factors?
|
1. Pre-load
2. Volume 3. After-load |
|
|
Return of blood to heart happens 3 ways...what are they?
|
1. valves in veins
2. muscle pumps 3. respiratory pump |
|
|
Define Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
|
Average pressure of the heart
|
|
|
Pulse pressure equals...
|
systolic-diastolic
|
|
|
Give the equation for MAP
|
MAP=2/3DBP+ 1/3SBP
|
|
|
Explain how pre-load effects BP
|
determines how much force the heart contracts with
|
|
|
Define Q(cardiac output)
|
the total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute
|
|
|
Define Ejection Fraction
|
Proportion of blood pumped out of left ventricle with each beat
|
|
|
What is the equation for ejection fraction?
|
Stroke volume/ End diastolic volume
|
|
|
Define metarterioles
|
go to capillaries or bypass capillaries
|
|
|
Blood pressure is controlled by the __________ nervous system.
|
autonomic
|
|
|
Baroreceptors are sensitive to stretch in the ______ _____ and the ______ _______
|
1. aortic arch
2. carotid arteries |
