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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Testosterone
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-Released from testes
-enhances performance -increases with exercise |
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estrogen/progesterone
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-Released from ovaries
- -increases with exercises(reasons unknown) |
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epinephrine
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-Released by adrendal medulla
-causes glycogenolysis in liver -causes lipolysis in adipose tissue -increases with exercise |
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aldosterone
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-from pituitary
-Causes reabsorption of water from distal tubules of kidneys AND -Controls sodium levels in urine and extracellular fluid volume -inc. to 5x resting level with exercise |
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renin
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-from kidneys
-causes release of angiotensin from kidneys -inc. w/ exercise |
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angiotensin
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-from kidneys
-causes release of aldosterone -inc. w/ exercise |
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Side effects of hydrocortisol
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-protein breakdown
-inc. lipid metabolism(leads to KETOSIS) -tissue breakdown, including joint tissue |
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ADH(antidiuertic hormone)
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-from post. pituitary
-limits urine output -inc. w/ exercise |
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Glucagon function
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-From alpha cells in pancreas
-stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis *acts an insulin antagonist* -inc. glucose -inc. w/ exercise |
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growth hormone
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-from ant. pituitary
-causes inc. protein synthesis in cells leads to: -muscle hypertrophy -bone growth -connective tissue growth -general cell proliferation -inc. during acute periods of physical activity |
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corticotropin
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-is ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone)
-causes release of corticosteroids(which inc. liver metabolism and gluconeogenesis) -stimulates protein breakdown -inc. w/ exercise |
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thyrotropin
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-from ant. pituitary
-inc. release of thyroxin which inc. cell metabolism throughout the body -inc. w/ exercise |
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gonadotropic hormones
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-FSH-follicle stimulating hormone
-LH-lutenizing hormone in women-FSH stimuluates follicle growth LH stimulates estrogen release MEN-FSH(sperm development) LH(tetosterone release) |
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Pancreas(2 types of cells)
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1.) Acini cells
2.) Endocrine gland cells a.Alpha-glucagon b.beta-insulin |
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Fast twitch muscles(glycolytic)
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-gets to peak contraction quickly
-high fatigability -high force production -Involves large motor units(lg. fibers) -inc. glycolytic ability -dec. myoglobin |
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slow twitch muscles(oxidative)
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-similar to muscles in heart
-low contraction speed -low fatigueability -low force -small fibers -inc. oxidative capacity |
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Effects of bed rest on muscles
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-May actually cause muscles to change type (ie slow to fast)
**not good when this happens** |
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Osteoporosis risk factors
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"Porous bone"
Risks: -women after 35, men after 50 -loss of estrogen(menopause) -lifestyles: smoking, alcohol, caffiene, salt -Lack of Ca+ |
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Osteoporosis treatments
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-Anabolic steroids in women
-Wt. training -Regular exercise: stress helps bone regenerate -Hormone therapy *lots of side effects* |
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Teratogenic vitamins
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-Excess of Vitamin A taken early in pregnancy can cause birth defects
-rickets, bone swelling |
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Free radicals(def., production)
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Def: highly reactive molecules that contain at least one unpaired electron in their outer orbit.
Production: -Inc. during exercise -occurs naturally -reacts w/ other molecules to form potentially harmful molecules |
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Free radicals(harmful effects)
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-Danger to electron dense cellular structures:
-DNA -fatty acid rich cell membranes -proteins **can be neutralized by antioxidants--Vit A,C,E, beta carotene** |
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endomysium
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-surrounds one muscle fiber(smallest)
|
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perimysium
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-surrounds bundles of muscle fibers(middle)
-aka: fasciculus |
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epimysium
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-covers whole muscle(biggest)
-deep fascia |
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actin myosin
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Actin-thin filament which contains:
1. troponin 2. tropomyosin(proteins essential for muscle contraction) Myosin-Thick filament -Cross bridges that interact with actin for contraction **actin+myosin=myofibril** |
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troponin
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-Controls actin and myosin
-changes shape of actin filament in the presence of Calcium |
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tropomyosin
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-prevents binding of actin w/ myosin cross bridges
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Muscle action potential
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1)motoneuron in spinal cord send action potential to muscle
2) Ach released @ distal end of neuron 3)Action potential carried by sarcoplasmic reticulum/T-tubules 4)causes release of Ca @ lateral sacs 5)CA binds to troponin to inhibit tropomyosin 6)myosin cross bridges bind when ATP present 7)contract till Ca is gone |
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Pancreas
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2 Cells:
1)acini cells 2)endocrine gland cells a. alpha-glucagon b. beta-insulin |
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Sarcomere
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Def: area between adjacent z-lines
-Functional units as muscle fibers |
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h-bands
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-Center of A-band in muscle
-region of lower optical density caused by absence of actin filaments in that area |
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z-lines
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-Bisects I-band
-adheres to the sarcolemma to give stability to the entire structure |
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Type I diabetes
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-Insulin dependent
-may start in childhood -inc. urine output -inc. glucose in urine -ketosis due to inc. lipid metabolism |
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Type II diabetes
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-Non-insulin dependent
-due to insulin resistance issues -regular exercise may decrease risk of developing Type II diabetes |
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Beta cells of pancreas
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-Produce insulin
-regulate glucose uptake into cells, esp. muscle tissue |
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Side effects of high glucose levels
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-Arteriosclerosis
-Arteriole damage -Nerve damage -Inc. susceptibility to infection -Stroke -Inc. risk of coronary heart disease |
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Anabolic Steroids
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-Drug that functions in a similar fashion to the male hormone testosterone
-May be used to enhance athletic performance -Treatment of osteoporosis in women |
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Hormone target tissues
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-Specific tissue that hormone normally controls
-these tissues have hormone receptors located on plasma membrane -produces certain affects when hormones attach to receptor |
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Glucose for energy
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-Also called dextrose
-Most important circulating blood sugar -May be ingested or formed by gluconeogenesis -Stored in mammals as glycogen |
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Gluconeogenesis
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-Formation of glucose from proteins
|
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Glycolysis
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Series of chemical reactions that occur when a glucose molecule enters a cell for use as energy
|
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Glycogenolysis
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-Conversion fo glycogen to glucose during exercise
-will use up glycogen stores and then glucose is formed from proteins by gluconeogenesis |
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Chelesterol--Normal function
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-Plasma membrane formation
-Synthesis of Vitamin D -Precursor to steroid synthesis -Formation of bile |
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RDA(recommended daily allowance)
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.83 x your body mass(g)
-Excess is excreted and will not improve performance |
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Lipid max intake for good health
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-No more than 25% of total calories
-Should be mostly in the unsaturated form |
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Polysaccharides(fiber, starch)
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def: term used to define sugars bound together
-complex carbohydrates--plants store as starch -Fiber -Starch should be 50% of carb intake |
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Optimal sarcomere length
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~2.5 microns
|
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Calcium role in muscle contraction
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-allows myosin cross bridges to bind and rotate
-keeps tropomyosin from exerting an inhibitory effect |
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Body water function
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-Stabilizes body temp
-Transport of Oxygen, minerals, and nutrients -Detox body thru urine and feces -lubricates joints -gives cells shape and structural strength |
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Effects of bed rest
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-Can make a healthy individual insulin dependent within 3 days
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Body composition
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-Carbon: 18%
-Oxygen: 65% -Other: Water, minerals, trace elements |
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How does the body lose water?
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-Sweat--.35 L(max is 12 L)
-Evaporation thru breathing-- .35 L -Urine--1-2 L -Feces--.1 to .2 L |
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What hormones are released by the kidneys?
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-Renin
-angiotensin |
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Who should take iron supplements?
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-Pregnant women
-Growing children and teens -Extreme athletes in some cases -Vegan vegetarians |
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What are the negative results of long term prolonged high levels of glucose?
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-Heart problems
-Stroke -Nerve damage |