Executive Functioning & Emotion

Front 1

By virtue of their interconnections with almost all other brain regions, what is the role of frontal lobes?

Back 1

guide, direct, integrate, and monitor goal-directed behavior

Front 2

What is executive functioning/frontal lobe functioning?

Back 2

executive functioning = behavioral manifestations directly or indirectly related to frontal lobe functioning

frontal lobe functioning = behaviors directly linked to frontal lobes

Front 3

Damage to caudate can result in pathologic behavior similar to?

Back 3

those caused by direct frontal damage (due to interconnections of frontal lobe with other brain regions)

Front 4

Executive functioning is not limited to other cognitive processes. What else is involved?

Back 4

emotional and social regulation

Front 5

More complex functions evolve as advances in: (3 things)

Back 5

1. advances in synaptic pruning and sculpting
2. axonal myelination
3. neurochemical changes

Front 6

Goldman-Rakic = ? (executive functions)

Back 6

object permanence

Front 7

Diamond = ? (executive functions)

Back 7

development of inhibitory control

Front 8

simple functions (e.g., visual search) emerge early, followed by: x and then y?

Back 8

x = more complex inhibitory skills

y = advanced skills of cognitive flexibility and complex planning

Front 9

Executive planning studies (e.g., tower of london w/ ADHD) show ___________ but suggests ___________________ .

Back 9

parallel trajectory; developmental consequences of impaired executive functions

Front 10

There are 4 developmentally sensitive executive function domains. List them.

Back 10

1. attentional control
2. information processing
3. cognitive flexibility
4. goal setting

Front 11

Regarding executive functions, what is involved in attention control?

Back 11

selective attention, inhibitory control, sustained attention, monitoring of executed plans

Front 12

Regarding executive functions, what is involved in information processing?

Back 12

fluency, efficiency, and speed of output

Front 13

Regarding executive functions, what is involved in cognitive flexibility?

Back 13

shifting between response sets, profiting from mistakes, developing alternative strategies, dividing attention, multi-tasking

Front 14

Regarding executive functions, what is involved in goal setting?

Back 14

planning, organization, conceptual reasoning, strategic problem-solving

Front 15

Executive functions reach maturity at different point in development. This is contingent (in part) on ?

Back 15

maturation of other brain regions and neural systems that support attention, language, emotions, and memory

Front 16

There are 5 neural circuits associated with frontal-mediated functions/dysfunctions. List them (and their originations)

Back 16

1. skeletomotor [motor and premotor regions & parietal somatosensory cortex]
2. oculomotor [frontal and supplementary eye fields]
3. dorsolateral prefrontal [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]
4. orbitofrontal [two subcircuits = lateral and medial frontal cortex]
5. anterior cingulate [anterior cingulate cortex]

Front 17

What higher order cognitive operations is the dorsolateral circuit involved in? (Nelson listed 14 total)

Back 17

1. working memory,2. cognitive flexibility,3. maintenance of behavioral sets,4. selective & sustained attention,5. generation of strategic and divergent responses,6. verbal and nonverbal fluency,7. planning and organization,8. inhibitory control, 9. abstract reasoning,10. memory search and retrieval,11. temporal-spatial "tagging",12. self-monitoring,13. insight,14. judgment

Front 18

Damage of the dorsolateral circuit may precipitate depressive symptoms (even though ventromedial prefrontal damage more associated with this). What sx are are seen?

Back 18

decreased initiative, apathy, indifference, psychomotor retardation, social uneasiness

BUT absence of: vegetative features, negative cognition, and dysphoria

Front 19

Damage to the dorsolateral circuit sometimes associated with decreased capacity to ________________.

Back 19

empathize with others

although more frequently associated with orbitofrontal disruption

Front 20

Dorsolateral and orbital circuits may be complementary in empathic processing. With each part doing what?

Back 20

dorsolateral = cognitive aspects

orbital = emotional aspects

Front 21

What does Fuster's theory (which focuses on dorsolateral) poses that overarching function of prefrontal architecture is ? (i.e., ? )

Back 21

temporal organization of behavior (i.e., development and implementation of action sequences across time)

Front 22

In the dorsolateral circuit, temporal organization of behavior extends to ? (e.g. ?)

Back 22

all voluntary behavior

e.g. skeletal, ocular, speech, internal cognitive-logical reasoning

Front 23

What 4 cognitive processes support temporal organization of behavior? [dorsolateral circuit]

Back 23

1. attentional control
2. working memory
3. preparatory motor set
4. response monitoring

Front 24

How does attentional control support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 24

selective, sustain, orienting attention; motivation and drive aspects; inhibitory control and filtering

[cooperative activation of dorsolateral, anterior cingulate, and orbital]

Front 25

How does working memory support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 25

maintenance and manipulation of information held in short term storage to guide behavior; retrospective function in temporal organization

[dorsolateral]

Front 26

How does preparatory motor set support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 26

preparation, timing, and instigation of relevant goal-directed motor behaviors; prospective memory or memory for future action

[dorsolateral]

Front 27

How does response monitoring support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 27

determines whether current goal-directed behaviors should be maintained or modified

[dorsolateral and anterior cingulate]

Front 28

What does Fuster's theory (which focuses on dorsolateral) poses that overarching function of prefrontal architecture is ? (i.e., ? )

Back 28

temporal organization of behavior (i.e., development and implementation of action sequences across time)

Front 29

In the dorsolateral circuit, temporal organization of behavior extends to ? (e.g. ?)

Back 29

all voluntary behavior

e.g. skeletal, ocular, speech, internal cognitive-logical reasoning

Front 30

What 4 cognitive processes support temporal organization of behavior? [dorsolateral circuit]

Back 30

1. attentional control
2. working memory
3. preparatory motor set
4. response monitoring

Front 31

How does attentional control support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 31

selective, sustain, orienting attention; motivation and drive aspects; inhibitory control and filtering

[cooperative activation of dorsolateral, anterior cingulate, and orbital]

Front 32

How does working memory support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 32

maintenance and manipulation of information held in short term storage to guide behavior; retrospective function in temporal organization

[dorsolateral]

Front 33

How does preparatory motor set support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 33

preparation, timing, and instigation of relevant goal-directed motor behaviors; prospective memory or memory for future action

[dorsolateral]

Front 34

How does response monitoring support the temporal organization of behavior?

Back 34

determines whether current goal-directed behaviors should be maintained or modified

[dorsolateral and anterior cingulate]