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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immediate Effects of Exercise on the Excretory System |
1. decrease in the amount of production of urine 2. Sweating increased |
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Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Excretory System |
1. Increased metabolic effects 2. Detoxification is enhanced |
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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) |
● Common infection that usually occurs when bacteria enter the opening of the urethra and multiply in the urinary track ● Women are more susceptible since their urethral opening is near the source of bacteria (e.g. anus, vagina) and their urethra is shorter, providing easier access to the bladder |
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
● Causes about 80% of urinary track infections in adults ● Present in the colon and may enter the urethral opening from the skin around the anus and genitals |
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Symptoms of UTI |
1. A strong, persistent urge to urinate 2. A burning sensation when urinating 3. Passing frequent, small amounts of urine 4. Blood in the urine (hematuria) or cloudy, strong-smelling urine 5. Bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria) |
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Risk Factors of Having UTI |
1. Being female 2. Being sexually active 3. Using certain types of birth control 4. Aging |
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Treatment of UTI |
1. Often treated with antibacterial drugs 2. Type of drug used and the duration of treatment depend on the type of bacteria 3. Most are treated with trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole ○Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra○Amoxicillin (e.g., Amoxil, Trimox) 4. Or Fluoroquinolones○Levaquin, Cipro |
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Prevention of UTI |
1. Avoid products that may irritate the urethra 2. Cleanse the genital area before sexual intercourse 3. Change soiled diapers in infants and toddlers promptly 4. Drink plenty of water to remove bacteria from the urinary tract 5. Do not routinely resist the urge to urinate 6. Take showers instead of baths 7. Urinate after sexual intercourse 8. Women and girls should wipe from front to back after voiding to prevent contaminating the urethra with bacteria from the anal area |
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Kidney Stones |
● Hard, crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract ● Common cause of blood in the urine ● May cause often severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin |
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Renal Calculi |
Refers to the name to which kidney stones are sometimes called |
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Nephrolithiasis |
Condition of having kidney stones |
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Urolithiasis |
Having stones at any location of the urinary tract |
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Causes of Kidney Stones |
1. decrease in urine volume and an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine 2. calcium and either oxalate or phosphate 3. Uric acid 4. Amino acid cystine 5. Dehydration from reduced fluid intake or strenuous exercise without fluid replacement 6. Urinary tract infection 7. Gout 8. Hypercalciuria |
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struvite or infection stones |
Kidney stones formed from urinary tract infection |
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Gout |
Results in an increased amount of uric acid in the urine and can lead to the formation of uric acid stones |
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Hypercalciuria |
● high calcium in the urine ● An inherited condition that causes stones in more than half of cases ● Too much calcium is absorbed from food and excreted into the urine, where it may form calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate stones |
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Types of Stones |
1. Smooth 2. Golf-sized and brown 3. Jagged and yellow |
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“silent” stones |
● Small, smooth kidney stones ● May remain in the kidney or pass without causing pain |
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Stones that lodge in the ureter |
● Cause the urinary system to spasm and produce pain ● Pain is unrelated to the size of the stone and often radiates from the lower back to the side of the groin |
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Small stone |
● Usually 4mm in diameter or less ● Has a 90% chance of spontaneous passage |
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Symptoms of Kidney Stones |
1. Blood in the urine (hematuria) 2. Increased frequency of urination (urinary urgency) 3. Nausea and vomiting 4. Pain during urination (stinging, burning) 5. Tenderness in the abdomen and kidney region 6. Urinary tract infection (UTIl; fever, chills, loss of appetite) |
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Risk Factors of Having Kidney Stones |
● Lack of fluids ● Family or personal history ● Age & sex ● Diet that is high in sodium content ● Limited activity ● Obesity ● High blood pressure |
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High Blood Pressure |
● damages the kidneys that leads to the inability of the kidneys to filter wastes properly ● The unfiltered waste products will accumulate forming kidney stones |
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Home Treatment of Kidney Stones |
● suggested by doctors if they think that the patient can pass on is own and is able to deal with the pain ● Drink enough fluids (8-10 glasses daily) to keep the urine clear ● Use of medicines that help the body pass kidney stones ○e.g. Alphablockers (very few side effects) ●Use of pain medicine○NSAIDS or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs○Stronger pain medicine can be prescribed if needed |
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Professional Treatment of Kidney Stones |
1. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) 2. Percuntaneous Nephrolithotomy 3. Percuntaneous Nephrolithotripsy 4. Ureteroscopic Stone Removal |
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Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (eswl) |
● Commonly used procedure for treating kidney stones which uses shock waves to break the stones into tiny pieces that are then passed through urinating ● X-rays or ultrasound tests are used to precisely locate the stone/s ● High-energy sound waves pass through the body without injuring it and break the stone into small pieces |
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Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy |
● A small incision is made at the back using an instrument called nephroscope, then the stone is removed ● This is done when ESWL is not effective or when the stone is very large |
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Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy |
● A small incision is made at the back of the patient, then a hollow tube is inserted through the incision into the kidney ● The stones are then broken up into pieces, and then the fragments are removed through the tube |
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Ureteroscopic stone removal |
● Used to remove a stone lodged in a ureter ● A thin viewing instrument (ureteroscope) is passed through the patient’s urethra and bladder into the ureter ● The scope is moved through the ureter until it reaches the location of the kidney stone ● If the stone is small, then it can be taken out using a small “basket” attached at the end of the ureteroscope ● Otherwise, the stone is broken up before removal |
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Renal failure |
● A serious medical condition affecting the kidneys ● Kidneys of a patient are either not functioning properly or no longer working at all ● Kidneys undergo cellular death and are unable to filter wastes, produce urine and maintain fluid balances which causes the build up of toxins in the body which can affect the blood, brain, heart, and other complications ● Very serious and deadly if left untreated ● May be progressive or temporary |
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Acute Renal Failure |
● Sudden loss of kidney’s ability to perform their main function — eliminate excess fluid and electrolytes as well as waste material from the blood ● This causes the dangerous levels of fluid and electrolytes, and the accumulation up of wastes inside the body ● Most common on people who are already hospitalized, particularly people who need intensive care ● Can be serious and generally requires intensive treatment ● May be reversible |
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Symptoms of Acute Renal Failure |
1. Decreased urine output although occasionally, urine output remains normal 2. Fluid retention, causing swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet 3. Drowsiness 4. Shortness of breath 5. Fatigue 6. Confusion 7. Seizures or coma in severe cases 8. Chest pain related to precarditis (inflammation of the sac-like membrane that envelops the heart) |
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Causes of Acute Renal Failure |
1. A sudden, serious drop in blood flow to the kidneys 2. Damage from some meeicines, poisons, infections 3. A sudden blockage that stops urine from flowing out the kidneys |
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Risk Factors of Actual Renal Failure |
1. Being an older adult 2. Being very ill, being in the hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) 3. Having a long-term health problem ●Kidney/liver disease ●Diabetes ●High blood pressure ●Heart failure ●Obesity |
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Treatment of Acute Renal Failure |
1. Treat the illness/injury that originally damaged the kidneys 2. Doctor may prescribe calcium, glucose or sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) This is to prevent accumulation of high levels of potassium in the blood since this can cause dangerous, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) 3. Prevention of the accumulation of excess fluids and wastes in the blood while the kidneys heal 4. Limiting of fluid intake 5. High-carbohydrate, low-protein, low-potassium diet |
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Dialysis |
● Temporary hemodialysis ● Mechanical way of filtering waste from the blood ● Helps remove toxins and excess fluids from the body while the kidneys heal ● Usually done at a hospital or dialysis center ● Relies on an artificial kidney (dialyzer) to take over kidney function ● Blood is pumped out of the body into the dialyzer through one of two routes — a catheter placed surgically in one of the main blood veins, or a surgically created junction between a vein and artery in the arm ● Inside the artificial kidney, blood moves across membranes that filter out waste before being returned to the body ● Process which cleans and filters the blood ● Removes harmful wastes, excess salt and fluids by passing blood across a semipermeable membrane ● The wastes from the blood diffuse across the membrane into a cleansing solution (dialysate) ● Bicarbanate diffuses into the blood to neutralize acid ● Can control blood pressure ● Helps maintain a balance of electrolytes, including potassium, sodium, and chloride |
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2 Types of Dialysis |
1. Hemodialysis 2. Peritoneal dialysis |
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Hemodialysis |
● machine is connected to a dialyzer ● Blood is carried to the dialyzer where wastes and excess fluid are removed ● The cleansed blood is carried back to the body |
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Peritoneal Dialysis |
● Uses peritoneal membrane (the lining of the abdomen) to remove excess water, wastes, and chemicals from the body ● Dialysate passes through the abdomen via a surgically placed catheter ● Fluid, wastes, and chemicals pass from capillaries in the peritoneal membrane into the dialysate ● Waste carrying dialysate is drained from the abdomen after several hours |
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3 Types of Peritoneal Dialysis |
1. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) 2. Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) 3. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) |
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Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) |
● Most common type ● Dialysate passes from a plastic bag through a catheter into the abdomen ● No machine is necessary ● After 4-6 hours, the solution is drained back into the bag and replaced with fresh solution ● The solution is usually changed 4 times a day |
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Chronic Renal Failure |
● Gradual loss of kidney’s filtering ability ● Usually due to high blood pressure or diabetes ● When kidney function is seriously impaired, dangerous levels of fluid and waste can quickly accumulate in the body ● Few signs or symptoms in the early stages ● Many notice chronic renal failure when kidney function has decreased to less than 25% of normal ● Can be difficult to detect initially ● Signs and symptoms are nonspecific ● May not be detected until irreversible damage has occured |
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Symptoms of chronic renal failure |
1. High blood pressure 2. Decreased urine output or no urine output 3. Darkly colored urine 4. Anemia 5. Nausea or vomiting 6. Loss of appetite 7. Sudden weight change 8. General sense of discomfort and unease (malaise) 9. Fatigue and weakness 10. Headaches that seem unrelated to any other cause 11. Sleep problems 12. Decreased mental sharpness 13. Pain along the side or mid to lower back 14. Muscle twitches and cramps 15. Swelling of the feet and ankles 16. Bloody or tarry stools (could indicate bleeding in intestinal tract) 17. Yellowish-brown cast in the skin |
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Causes of Chronic Renal Failure |
1. Diabetes 2. High blood pressure (hypertension) 3. Obstruction of urine flow 4. Kidney diseases 5. Kidney artery stenosis 6. Toxins |
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Treatment of Renal Failure |
1. Physician attempts to determine the cause, and if possible, plan a specific treatment 2. Nonspecific treatments are implemented to delay or possibly arrest the progressive loss of kidney function 3. Control hypertension 4. Restrict dietary protein 5. Manage pre-end-stage renal disease (pre-ESRD) 6. Identify and treat secondary hyperparathyroidism 7. Potent vitamin D supplement |
