Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1)Removes wastes from the blood - urea, uric acid, drugs, etc. 2) Maintains water balance in blood 3) Maintains chemical comp. of blood - regulates levels of Na+ and K+ (ions) - maintains blood pH (~7.4) with H+ |
Kidneys (2) – filters wastes from the blood and creates urine Ureters – tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder (by peristalsis) Urinary Bladder – where urine is stored Urethra – tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body Urinary Sphincter Muscle – at base of bladder |
|
|
Renal Cortex - outer layer of connective tissue Renal Medulla - the middle layer Renal pelvis - the hollow collecting area (urine pools here) where the kidney joins the ureter |
- Urine made here!! - Filter substances out of blood and turns it into urine **But blood itself does not enter the nephron parts** - Nephron has numerous parts where each is responsible for the removal or addition of certain substances (water, Na+, Cl-, urea, glucose) –Each kidney contains ~ 1 million nephrons –Embedded in renal cortex and extends into the renal medulla |
|
|
- Bowman’s capsule (Cup-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus) - Proximal Tubule - Loop of Henle (descending and ascending) - Distal Tubule - Collecting Duct (tube that collects the urine from the nephrons and carries it to renal pelvis.) |
♥ → lungs → ♥ → aorta → renal arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles → pertubular capillaries → renal vein → inferior vena cava → ♥ |
|
|
Glomerulus → bowman's capsule → proximal tubule → loop of hence (descending then ascending) → distal tubule → collecting duct → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra |
- sits inside the bowman's capsule - high pressure capillary bed - site of filtration through bowman's capsule (only small particle are filtered, not proteins or blood cells) |
|
|
water and urea |
- urea formed=amount of proteins consumed - excess proteins can be converted into carbs by removing nitrogen (process = deamination. Occurs in the liver) this forms ammonia (NH3) as a byproduct (very toxic!!) - in liver, ammonia + CO2 = urea - we excrete 50% of urea in urine - Uric acid is a byproduct of the breakdown of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) - urea & uric acid can then be filtered out at the kidneys for removal |
|
|
1) Glomerular filtration (blood → nephron) 2) Tubular reabsorption (nephron → blood) 3) Tubular secretion (blood → nephron)
|
afferent = brings blood towards the glomerulus efferent = takes blood away from the glomerulus |
|
|
-⌇glomerulus → bowman's capsule⌇because the high pressure in the glomerulus forces fluid and its components through the capsule - components of blood are pushed through the glomerulus but some can not fit through so they remain in the blood and never are seen in the urine (this causes blood in the efferent arteriole to be thicker than in afferent arteriole). |
water, ions (H+, Na-, Cl-, K+), glucose (100% reabsorbed), amino acids (100% reabsorbed), urea, salt - these dissolved solutes make up the filtrate |
|
|
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins - therefore these materials enter the efferent arteriole (blood is thicker here, for water was taken and made into filtrate) |
- transfer of essential solutes and water from nephron back into blood - without this process we would die of dehydration and nutrient loss - Who is involved? proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct.
|
|
|
- majority of absorption absorbs here - all glucose, all amino acids, Na+ (all by active transport) (Cl- follows Na+ by passive transport) - water reabsorbed by osmosis |
Descending loop: - passive reabsorption of water by osmosis - not permeable to ions - loop becomes more concentrated at bottom
Ascending loop: - active reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) - passive reabsorption of chloride (Cl-) & potassium ions (K+) - not permeable to water |
|
|
some water continues to get reabsorbed by osmosis - some Na+ continue to reabsorb by active transport and Cl- by passive transport |
- some Na+ continues to be reabsorbed by active transport - water and urea continues to be removed by osmosis |
|
|
glucose (100%), amino acids (100%), Na+ _____________________________ Cl-, K+ _____________________________ water (basically passive) |
- Primarily takes place at the distal tubule & the collecting duct - actively transports unwanted/harmful substances and wastes by moving them from the blood back into the nephron - substances secreted in nephron: drugs, urea, uric acid, histamine, excess K+ ions, controlling pH by excreting H+ ions. |
|
|
Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, distal tubule _______________________________ Loop of henle, collecting duct |
large pores are created through which blood cells enter the nephron = blood in urine |
|
|
Retention and release of water is controlled by: - Osmotic pressure (high osmotic pressure = lots of solutes in blood and little water)
- low BP usually indicates low levels of water in the blood |
. |
