Excelsior: A&p Chapter 3

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

Basic building block for the human body.

Front 2

How many types of cells in the human body?

Back 2

200

Front 3

Squamos cell

Back 3

Thin, flat and cover surfaces (like skin) or line the esophagus or other tubes.

Front 4

Cuboidal

Back 4

Square. Ex. Liver cells

Front 5

Spheroid

Back 5

Egg cells (ova) and fat cells are round or oval.

Front 6

Columnar

Back 6

Taller than they are wide. They line the intestines. Have an increased surface area.

Front 7

Fusiform

Back 7

Cells that are thick in the middle and tapered toward the ends. Smooth muscle cells are fusiform.

Front 8

Stellate cells

Back 8

"star shaped" cells
Ex. nerve cells

Front 9

Modern cell theory was based on the work of these men.

Back 9

Robert Hook
Theodore Schwann
Louis Pasteur

Front 10

Modern cell theory

Back 10

-all organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
-cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
-all functions and structures are ultimately due to the activitites of cells
-cells come only from pre-existing cells
-cells of all species have many fundamental similarities

Front 11

Surrounded by a plasma membrane, made up of proteins and lipids

Back 11

Cells

Front 12

Cell membrane

Back 12

-bilayer of lipids with diverse protein embedded in it.
98% if membrane molecules are lipids.
-75% of those lipids are phospholipids
-hydrophilic heads facing the water on each side of the cell membrane.
-membrane is dynamic and "fluid"

Front 13

Make up about 50% of cell membrane weight.

Back 13

Proteins

Front 14

Target site for many pharmaceutical agents.

Back 14

Cell membrane

Front 15

Channel proteins

Back 15

molecules have "pores" adn allow passage of water and other solutes through the membrane.

Front 16

Carriers

Back 16

"pumps" - actively transport molecules into the cell utilizing ATP in the process

Front 17

Glycocalyx

Back 17

"fuzzy" coat external to the plasma. It acts like an identification tag that enables the body to distinguish healthy cells from transplanted tissues, invading organisms,and diseased cells.
MCH1-major histocompatibility complex

Front 18

Microvilli

Back 18

extensions fo the plasm membrane that serve primarily to increase the cell's surface area.

Front 19

Cilia

Back 19

hair-like processes that project from the surface of the cell.

Front 20

Motile cilia

Back 20

In respiratory tract and fallopian tubes. They "wave" and help move materials through the tubes.

Front 21

Flagella

Back 21

single whip-like structure much larger than cilia. Only functional flagella is the tail of the sperm cell.

Front 22

Cytoplasm

Back 22

fluid that is contained inside the plasma membrane. Has a supportive framework called cytoskeleton.

Front 23

Intracellular fluid (ICP)

Back 23

Clear gel in the cytoplasm

Front 24

Nucleus

Back 24

Structure at the center of the cell. Contains all genetic information. These codes are in the form of nucleic acids.

Front 25

Plasma membrane

Back 25

Barrier and gateway between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid.

Front 26

Passive transport

Back 26

-does NOT use energy
-will occur on its own
-filtration, diffusion, osmosis

Front 27

Active transport

Back 27

-require ATP
-active transport and vesicular transport.

Front 28

Filtration

Back 28

process by which particles are driven through a filter, or a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

Front 29

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 29

Pressure exerted on a membrane by water.
(stacks water on a molecule and the weight forces it through the cell membrane)

Front 30

Simple diffusion

Back 30

Net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Occurs in air or water and does not include a plasma membrane.(semi permeable)

Front 31

Concentration gradient

Back 31

Concentration of a substance differs from one point to another.

Front 32

Semi permeable (selectively permeable) membrane

Back 32

Molecules will diffuse through it if the membrane is permeable to that substance.

Front 33

Diffusion rates

Back 33

- Higher temp = faster diffusion
- Heavy molecules = slower
- Higher concentration difference = faster
- More surface area = faster

Front 34

Facilitated diffusion

Back 34

A solute binds to a transporter on one side of membrane, and then releases on other side of membrane.

Front 35

Osmosis

Back 35

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrance, from area of higher water concentration to lower.

Front 36

Tonicity

Back 36

Ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell.

Front 37

Hypotonic solution

Back 37

Lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than in the ICF. Cells will absorb water, swell, and burst.
Ex. Distilled water

Front 38

Hypertonic solution

Back 38

Higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF. Cells will lose water and shrivel.

Front 39

Isotonic solution

Back 39

Concentration of solutes is Equal to ICF.

Front 40

Active transport

Back 40

Carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a plasma membrane, but AGAINST a concentration gradient.
Uses ATP and energy.
-from an area of low conentration to high (opposite to diffusion)

Front 41

Sodium-potassium pump

Back 41

Keeps K+ concentration higher and Na+ lower in the cell.
Ex of active transport
Exchanges 3 Na+ atoms for 2 K+ atoms.
Consumption of 1 ATP molecule.

Front 42

Important part of the nerve impulses and cardiac function.

Back 42

Sodium-potassium pump

Front 43

Vesicular transport

Back 43

Moves large particles and droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules through the plasma membrane all at once.

Front 44

Endocytosis

Back 44

Vesicular transport processes that bring matter INTO the cell.

Front 45

Excocytosis

Back 45

Vesicular transport processes that RELEASE matter from the cell.

Front 46

Phagocytosis

Back 46

"Cell eating" -process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, cell debris.
-Common to "defense" cells like monocytes in the IMMUNE SYSTEM.

Front 47

Pinocytosis

Back 47

"Cell drinking" - taking in droplets of ECF, which contain molecules that are used by cells.

Front 48

Membranous organelles

Back 48

Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golfo complex

Front 49

Non-membranous organelles

Back 49

Ribosomes

Front 50

Nucleus

Back 50

Largest organelle
Spheroid in shape

Front 51

Nucleoplasm

Back 51

Material inside nucleus.
-chromatin (DNA and protein)
-nucleoli (produce ribosomes)

Front 52

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 52

"little network within the cytoplasm"

Front 53

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 53

System of interconnected channels that extend through cytoplasm and reach the nuclear membrane.

Front 54

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 54

The channels are covered with Ribosome, which synthesize proteins.
-Most abundant in cells that produce large amts of protein, such as digestive glands.

Front 55

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 55

Synthesizes steroids and lipids.
-responsible for detoxifying alchohol (ETOH) and other drugs.

Front 56

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 56

Found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, that store calcium adn release it to trigger muscle contraction.

Front 57

Ribosomes

Back 57

Small granules of protein and RNA found in cytoplasm.
-Function: Protein synthesis
-Assemble amino acids specified by messenger RNA codes.

Front 58

Golgi complex

Back 58

Synthesize carbohydrates and put finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis.
-Function - packages proteins into membrane-bound Golgi Vesicles.

Front 59

Lysosomes

Back 59

-Produced by Gogli complex
-hydrolyze or digest proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbs, phospholipids.
-involve Autophagy

Front 60

Autophagy

Back 60

Digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes. (the cell consumes itself)
-Ex. As in contents of liver

Front 61

Peroxisomes

Back 61

-Not produced by Golgi complex
-Neutralize free radicals
-Produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of metabolism.

Front 62

Mitochondria

Back 62

"power-house" of cells
-bean-shaped
-in cardiac and skeletal muscle
-generates most the the cell's ATP

Front 63

Centrioles

Back 63

Play a role in cell division (mitosis)

Front 64

Cytoskeleton

Back 64

Collection of protein filiaments and cylinders that determine the SHAPE of the cell. Main function is support.

Front 65

Inclusions

Back 65

Stored cellular products (glycogen or fat deposits) OR foreign bodies (dust).
-NO unit membrane
-NOT essential to cell survival.

Front 66

Mitosis

Back 66

Process by which cells divide to grow or to repair damage.

Front 67

4 phases of mitosis

Back 67

-Prophase: Condensing of chromatin fibers into chromatid pairs
-Metaphase: Pairs line up along metaphase plate.
-Anaphase: Centromeres split, identical sets move to opposite sides of cell.
-Telophase: Nucleoli reappear around 2 new sets of chromosomes and cell begins to split for cytokinesis.