Excelsior A&p Chapter 1 And 2

Front 1

Homeostatsis

Back 1

The healthy internal balance of the human organism. The body will always try to return to homeostatis.

Front 2

Feedback Systems

Back 2

Maintains homeostasis.

Front 3

Normal blood sugar

Back 3

80 - 120mg/ml

Front 4

Normal body temp range

Back 4

36.5-38* C
97.7 - 100.4* F

Front 5

Sagittal Plane

Back 5

Extends veritically (from head to toes) and divides body into left and right portions.

Front 6

Parasagittal plane

Back 6

Any sagittal plane that passes through the body to the left or right of the midline and divides the body into unequal left and right portions.

Front 7

Frontal Coronal Plane

Back 7

Vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

Front 8

Transverse plane

Back 8

Horizontal (perpendicular) plane that divides body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions.

Front 9

Oblique plane

Back 9

Passes through the body at an angle between transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane.

Front 10

Another name for Anterior

Back 10

Ventral

Front 11

Another name for Posterior

Back 11

Dorsal

Front 12

Medial

Back 12

Toward the midline

Front 13

Proximal

Back 13

Closer to midline or point of attachment of a limb.

Front 14

Distal

Back 14

Farther away from the midline or point of attachment of a limb.

Front 15

Superficial

Back 15

Closer to the surface of the body.

Front 16

Deep

Back 16

Farther from the body surface.

Front 17

Axial region

Back 17

Area of body closest to midline or axis. (head, neck, and trunk)

Front 18

Thoracle

Back 18

Chest region above the diaphragm.

Front 19

Abdominopelvic region

Back 19

Region below the diaphragm.

Front 20

Appendicular region

Back 20

Region farthest away from the midline and consists of the appendages (extremities).

Front 21

Brachium

Back 21

Arm from the shoulder to elbow.

Front 22

Antebrachium

Back 22

Forearm from the elbow to the wrist.

Front 23

Carpus

Back 23

Wrist area

Front 24

Metacarpus

Back 24

Hand between carpus and phalanges.

Front 25

Manus

Back 25

Hand

Front 26

Digits

Back 26

Fingers

Front 27

Thigh

Back 27

Area from hip to knee

Front 28

Crus

Back 28

Area from knee to ankle (shank)

Front 29

Tarsus

Back 29

Ankle (between leg and metatarsus)

Front 30

Pes

Back 30

Foot

Front 31

Phalanges

Back 31

Toes

Front 32

9 abdominal regions

Back 32

1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Epigastric region
3. Left hypochondriac region
4. Right lateral (lumbar) region
5. Umbilical region
6. Left lateral (lumbar) region
7. Right inguinal (iliac) region
8. Hyprogastric region
9. Left inguinal (iliac) region

Front 33

Right hypochondriac region

Back 33

Liver, Gall bladder

Front 34

Epigastric region

Back 34

Liver, Stomach, Pancreas

Front 35

Left hypochrondriac region

Back 35

Stomach, Spleen

Front 36

Right lateral (lumbar) region

Back 36

Ascending colon, gall bladder

Front 37

Umbilical region

Back 37

Stomach, transverse colon, small intestine, pancreas

Front 38

Left lateral (lumbar) region

Back 38

Small intestine, descending colon

Front 39

Right inguinal (iliac) region

Back 39

Cecum, small intestine

Front 40

Hyprogastric region

Back 40

Small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

Front 41

Left inguinal (iliac) region

Back 41

Small intestine, sigmoid colon

Front 42

Homeostasis

Back 42

Homeostatsis

Front 43

Abdomnopelvic region

Back 43

Abdominopelvic region

Front 44

Dorsal cavity

Back 44

Cranial cavity
Vertebral or spinal cavity

Front 45

Ventral cavity

Back 45

Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 46

6 characteristic of living organisms

Back 46

Metabolism, growth, differentiation, movement, responsiveness, reproduction

Front 47

Negative feedback does what?

Back 47

The body senses a change in a variable and activates mechanisms that reverse that change.

Front 48

Positive feeback system does what?

Back 48

Produces a self amplifying affect to orginal stimulus.

Front 49

Hierachy of complexity

Back 49

From simple to complex.
Chemical level > Cellular level > Tissue level > Organ level > System level > Oraganism level

Front 50

Chloride is the only

Back 50

Anion

Front 51

Inorganic chemistry (or General chemistry)

Back 51

Deals with substances that DO NOT have CARBON as part of the structure

Front 52

Organic molecules (4 categories)

Back 52

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Front 53

Element

Back 53

Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties and cannot be broken down by oridinary chemical means.

Front 54

Water can be broken down into...

Back 54

Hydrogen and oxygen

Front 55

The 6 elements:

Back 55

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus.

Front 56

Atom

Back 56

Smallest unit of matter

Front 57

Ion

Back 57

Electrically charged particle with unequal numbers of protons and electrons.

Front 58

Cation

Back 58

Particle that loses electrons and aquires a POSITIVE charge.

Front 59

Anion

Back 59

Particle that gains electrons and acquires a NEGATIVE charge.

Front 60

Chloride is the only

Back 60

Anion

Front 61

Molecules

Back 61

Chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms.

Front 62

Compound

Back 62

Composed of atoms of 2 or more DIFFERENT elements.

Front 63

Free radicals

Back 63

Charged groups of atoms with an odd number of electrons. Produced by some normal metabolic reactions of the body as well as by radiation. They are unstable and combine quickly with fats, proteins, and DNA. They destroy nearby molecules.

Front 64

3 types of bonds

Back 64

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Front 65

Ionic bond

Back 65

Weak attraction between an anion and cation.

Front 66

Covatlent bond

Back 66

Shares one or more pairs of electrons between atoms.

Front 67

Nonpolar bond

Back 67

Atoms share the electrons equally.

Front 68

Polar bond

Back 68

Uneven sharing of electrons.

Front 69

Hydrogen bond

Back 69

Weak attactiion between a hydrogen atom with a partially positive charge, and a neighboring atom with a partially negative charge.

Front 70

Compound with No carbon is what type?

Back 70

Inorganic compound

Front 71

Compound WITH carbon

Back 71

Organic compound

Front 72

4 properties of water

Back 72

Solvency
Cohesion
Chemical reactivity
Thermal Stability

Front 73

Solvency

Back 73

Ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is the universal solvent.

Front 74

Cohesion

Back 74

Tendancy of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other.

Front 75

Surface tension

Back 75

The film held together by a force.

Front 76

Chemical reactivity

Back 76

Ability of water to participate in a wide variety of chemical reactions.

Front 77

Hydrolysis reactions

Back 77

Involve adding of water molecules to decompose or breakdown compounds.

Front 78

Dehydration reactions

Back 78

Involve the removal of water molecules to add small molecules together.

Front 79

Thermal stability of water

Back 79

Stabilizes the internal temp of the body. Water can absorb or release large amts of heat without a big change in its own temp.

Front 80

3 types of Mixtures

Back 80

Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions

Front 81

Solution

Back 81

Consists of dissolved particles (solute)
Solvent is clear
Mixed with abundant substance
Small particle size
Ex: Sugar water

Front 82

Colloiid

Back 82

Cloudy
Particles are < 100nm in size
Particles are suspended (not dissolved)
Particles are small enough to remain permanently mixed, but not dissolved.
Ex: Milk

Front 83

Suspension

Back 83

Suspended particles
Exceed 100 nm in size
Particles are too heavy to remain permanently suspended.
Suspensions will separate on standing
Ex: Blood

Front 84

Normal pH

Back 84

7.35-7.45

Front 85

pH of blood depends on what ions?

Back 85

H+ (hydrogen)
OH- (hydroxide)

Front 86

The higher the H+ ions, the more ____ the blood.

Back 86

Acidic

Front 87

Energy and work

Back 87

Process of breaking old bonds (release energy) and forming new bonds (require energy).

Front 88

Potential energy

Back 88

Energy stored by matter because of its position or internal state, but which is not doing work at this time.

Front 89

Kinetic energy

Back 89

Energy of motion.
Ex: Heat

Front 90

Chemical energy

Back 90

Potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules.

Front 91

Activation energy

Back 91

Amt of energy needed to allow an atom/molecule to collide with another and cause a disturbance of their valence electrons. Increased temp and number of particles, the greater the chance of collision.

Front 92

Catalysts

Back 92

Substances that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body by lowering the amt of activation energy needed to start the reactions.

Front 93

Metabolism

Back 93

Sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
2 divisions: anabolism and catabolism

Front 94

Anabolism

Back 94

Energy requiring reactions where small molecules are joined together to form large ones. (synthesis or endergentic reactions)

Front 95

Catabolism

Back 95

Energy releasing reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones Idecomposition, or exergonic reactions)

Front 96

Carbohydrates

Back 96

Hydrophyllic (water-loving) organic molecules. Main source of energy production for cells to perform chemical reactions (ATP)

Front 97

Names of carbs usually contain the root ____-or the suffix ____.

Back 97

Sacchar,
ose
(both mean sweet)

Front 98

Carbohydrates contain..

Back 98

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 99

Monosaccharides

Back 99

Simple sugars that are composed of a single carbon containing molecule.
(Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)

Front 100

Disaccharides

Back 100

Simple sugars composed of 2 monosaccharide molecules.
(Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose)

Front 101

Sucrose

Back 101

Combination of glucose and fructose.

Front 102

Lactose

Back 102

Combination of glucose and galactose.

Front 103

Maltose

Back 103

Two glucose chains.

Front 104

Polysaccharides

Back 104

Complex sugars made of many monosaccharide molecules. (Ex. Glycogen)

Front 105

Lipids (fats)

Back 105

Hydrophobic organic molecules, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Function as a source of stored energy.

Front 106

4 primary categories of lipids

Back 106

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids

Front 107

Triglycerides

Back 107

Most common lipid in the body and diet. Stored as adipose tissue. Cosists of 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Front 108

Saturated fatty acid

Back 108

Solid at room temp: Full of hydrogen and only a single bond between carbon atoms.

Front 109

Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 109

Liquid at room temp: Room for hydrogen and double bonds between carbon atoms.

Front 110

Phospholipids

Back 110

Lipids containing phosphorus. These are the major lipids in cell membranes.

Front 111

Eicosanoids

Back 111

Physiologically active substances derived from arachidonic acid. Plays a major role in blood clotting, hormone action, labor, control of BP, imflammation.

Front 112

Steroids

Back 112

Lipids that are composed of 4 rings of carbon atoms and include cholesterol.

Front 113

Cholesterol

Back 113

A basic building block molecule for all sex hormones, adrenaline, and part of cell membrane.

Front 114

Proteins

Back 114

Polymers (large molecules) of building blocks called amino acids joined by a tougher peptide.
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,and nitrogen.

Front 115

Enzymes

Back 115

Proteins that function as biological catalysts.

Front 116

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 116

Most important energy-transfer molecule. Much of its energy comes from glucose oxidation.

Front 117

Glycolysis

Back 117

First stage of glucose oxidation.
Literally means "sugar splitting"
2 molecules of ATP is produced at this stage
Splits glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

Front 118

Anaerobic metabolism

Back 118

Absence of oxygen.
Little or no ATP produced
Produces lactic acid

Front 119

Aerobic metabolism

Back 119

Breaks pyruvic acid down to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
Generates a total of 38 molecules of ATP

Front 120

Nucleic acid

Back 120

Huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Front 121

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 121

Largest nucleic acid
Composed of a double stranded helix

Front 122

DNA contains

Back 122

4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.
Composed of a double stranded helix

Front 123

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Back 123

Translates the genetic information from DNA into specific proteins.
-Single stranded molecule

Front 124

Kreb cycle

Back 124

Aerobic metabolism

Front 125

Genetic code

Back 125

Carry instructions for protein synthesis.