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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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milites, qui totum diem contenderant, erant defessi
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The soldiers, who had marched all day, were tired
Relative clause |
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milites, quos Caesar puniverat, ignavi fuerant
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The soldiers, whom Caesar had punished, had been cowardly
Relative clause |
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puella, cuius mater mortua erat, lacrimabat
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The girl, whose mother had died, was crying
Relative clause |
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meus amicus, cui pecuniam commisi, me prodidit
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My friend, to whom I handed over the money, betrayed me
Relative clause |
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habitamus Athenis, quam urbem omnes mirantur
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We live in Athens, a city which all admire
Relative clause with the antecedent incorporated into the relative clause |
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venit cum copiis quas firmissimas habebat
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He came with the strongest forces he had
Relative clause with the antecedent incorporated into the relative clause |
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hoc timeo, quod Caesar rex fieri vult
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This is what I fear, that Caesar wishes to become king
Demonstrative hoc followed by relative clause = strengthened statement |
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res loquitur ipsa, iudices. quae semper valet plurimum
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The facts speak for themselves, gentlemen. That always carries conviction.
Demonstrative pronoun followed by relative clause = strengthened statement |
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leo Androclem non petivit. quod ubi videmus, mirati sumus
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The lion did not attack Androcles. When we saw this, we marvelled.
Demonstrative pronoun followed by relative clause = strengthened statement |
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abierunt illi ridentes
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They went away laughing
Present participle |
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lupum in silvan intrantem conspeximus
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We caught sight of the wolf going into the wood
Present participle |
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ei roganti respondere semper conor
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I always try to answer his questions (his asking)
Present participle |
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multi ex adstantibus lacrimabant
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Many of the bystanders were weeping
Present participle |
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una ex ancillas ad tabernam profecta est panem empura
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One of the maids set out for the shop (intending) to buy bread
Future participle (Active) |
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coquus vocatus a convivis laudatus est
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When he had been summoned, the cook was praised by the guests
Perfect participle |
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coquum vocatum convivae laudaverunt
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Having summoned the book, the guests praised him
Perfect participle (acc) |
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coquo vocato conviviae gratis egerunt
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The cook was summoned and the guests thanked him
Perfect participle (dat) |
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illi libertatem imminutam non tulerunt
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They did not tolerate the restriction of freedom (lit. reduced freedom)
Perfect participle (where English would use a noun) |
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a villa profectus fugitivus flumen transire conans captus est
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Having set out from the villa, the runaway slave was caught tryin to cross the river.
Perfect participle, deponent verb |
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oratore loquente, cives tacebant
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While the orator was speaking, the citizens did not speak
ablative absolute (present) |
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oratore lucuto, cives inter se loquebanter
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After the orator had spoken, the citizens talked among themselves
Ablative absolute (perfect) |
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oratore locuturo, cives conticuerunt
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Since the oratore was going to speak, the citizens fell silent
Ablative absolute (future) |
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Augusto mortuo, Tiberius princeps factus est
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On the death of Augustus, Tiberius became emperor.
Ablative absolute (where English would use a noun) |
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militibus progredientibus, hostes terga dederunt
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During the advance of the troops, the enemy turned and fled.
Ablative absolute (where English would use a noun) |
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Caesare duce
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under the leadership of Caesar
Ablative absolute |
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me custode
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While I am on guard
Ablative absolute |
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inscia matre
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Without mother's knowledge
Ablative absolute |
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puto pueros esse molestissimos
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I think the boys are very troublesome
Acc/Inf |
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credisne servum in horto laborare
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Do you believe that the slave is working in the garden?
Acc/Inf |
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scimus patrem iratissimum esse
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We know that father is very angry
Acc/Inf |
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audio Caesarem Gallos vicisse
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I hear that Caesar had defeated the Gauls
Acc/Inf |
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audio Gallos a Caesare victos esse
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I hear that the Gauls have been defeated by Caesar
Acc/Inf |
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senator dicit nuntium mox ab urbe perventurum esse
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The senator says that a messenger will soon arrive from the city
Acc/Inf |
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putavi pueros esse molestissimos
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I thought that the boys were very troublesome
Acc/Inf (Main verb in past tense) |
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credebasne servum in horto laborare
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Did you believe that the slave was working in the garden?
Acc/Inf (Main verb in past tense) |
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audivi Caesarem Gallos vicisse
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I head that aesar had defeated the Gauls
Acc/Inf (Main verb in past tense) |
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senator dixit se suos amicos in urbe vidisse
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The senator said that he had seen his friends in the city
Acc/Inf w se/suus, which usually refers to the subject of the main verb |
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Caesar negait se captivos necavisse
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Caesar said that he had not killed the prisoners
Acc/ Inf |
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scimus acriter pugnari
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We know that a fierce battle is going on
Acc/Inf: with verbs used impersonally, only the infinitive is expressed |
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eum rogavi quis esset
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I asked him who he was
Indirect question |
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nescio cur non pervenerit
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I do not know why he has not arrived
Indirect question |
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mirabat quando pervenurus esset
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I wondered when he would arrive
Indirect question |
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rogavit num quid audivissem
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He asked if I had heard anything
Indirect question |
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miror utrum domum redire velit an diutius manere malit
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I wonder if he wants to return home or prefers to remain longer
Indirect question |
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incerti erant copiasne adversus hostem educere an castra defendere praestaret
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They were uncertain whether it was best to lead their troops out against the enemy or to defend the camp
Indirect question |
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scisne utrum venire in animo habeat necne?
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Do you know if he intends to come or not?
Indirect question |
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puer rogavit cur se punirem
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The boy asked why I was punishing him
Indirect question (se/suus refers to subject of main verb |
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scimus quot sint discipuli
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We know the number of pupils
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
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vidi quantus esset exercitus
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I saw the size of the army
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
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cognovi quando pervenisset
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I learned the time of his arrival
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
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sciebamus quo iret
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We knew his destination
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
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senem rogavimus ut domi maneret
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We asked the old man to stay at home
Indirect command (translate ut + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
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tyrannum orabimus ut mulieribus parcat
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We shall beg the tyrant to spare the women
Indirect command (translate ut + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
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servos monebo ne vinum in culina bibant
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I shall warn the slaves not to drink wine in the kitchen
Indirect command (translate ne + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
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dux milites hortatus est ne arma deponerent
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The general urged the soldiers not to lay down their arms
Indirect command (translate ne + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
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coquo imperavit ut in atrium veniret
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He ordered the cook to come into the atrium
Indirect command |
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imperavit ut coquus arcesseretur
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He fave orders that the cook be sent for
Indirect command |
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Catalinae imperavit ut ex urbe abiret neve umquam regrederetur
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He ordered Cataline to leave the city and never return
Double indirect command (translate neve, neque or neu as And Not) |
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mihi persuasit ut sibi pecuniam darem
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He persuaded me to give him the money.
Indirect command (se/suus refers to the subject of the main verb) |
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Puer arborem ascendit ut milites vidiret
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The boy climbed the tree to see the soldiers
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
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pure de arbore descendit ut milites se viderent
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The boy came down from the tree so that the soldiers would see him
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
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puer arborem ascendit ne milites se viderent
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The boy climbed the tree so that the soldiers wouldn't see him
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
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puer arborem ascendit ne a militibus videretur
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The boy climbed the tree so that he would not be seen by the soldiers
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
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aurum celavit ne quis id inveniret
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He concealed the gold so that no one might find it
Purpose (ne + quis, quis = so that no one / in case anyone) |
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servus aufugit ne puniretur neve caederetur
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The slave ran away to avoid being punished or killed
Purpose (double negative) |
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duae legiones advenerunt quae castra defenderent
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Two legions arrived to defend the camp
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose |
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legatos delegerunt qui pacem peterent
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They chose ambassadors to sue for peace
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose |
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cives arma poscunt quibus moenia defendant
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The citizens are demanding arms so that they may defend the walls with them.
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose |
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dux misit qui haec Caesari nuntiarent
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The general sent (men) to report this to Caesar
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose. Antecedent omitted |
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venerunt qui se excusarent
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People came to apologise
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose. Antecedent omitted |
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milites manipulos laxaverunt quo facilius gladiis uti possent
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The soldiers opened up their ranks so that they could use their swords more easily.
Purpose, with quo instead of ut, since the purpose clause contains a comparative adjective |
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Caesar ad cohortandos milites decucurrit
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Caesar ran down to encourage the soldiers
ad + gerundive used to express purpose |
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ad eas res conficiendas biennium eis satis esse videbatur
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Two years seemed to them to be long enough to complete these preparations.
ad + gerundive = purpose |
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milites praedandi causa e castris egressi sunt
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The soldiers went out of the camp to gather booty
causa + gerundive = purpose |
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principes legatos miserunt pacem rogatum
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The chieftains sent envoys to ask for peace
supine expressing purpose after verbs of motion/implying motion |
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Hannibal patriam defensum revocatus est
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Hannibal was recalled to defend his homeland
supine expressing purpose after verbs of motion/implying motion |
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Galli Clusium venerunt legionem Romanam oppugnaturi
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The Gauls came to Clusium intending to attack the Roman legion
Future participle used to express purpose |
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hoc fecit ut se suosque servaret
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He did this to protect himself and his men
Purpose clause (se/suus refers to subject of the main clause |
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iter tam periculosum est ut proficisci timeamus
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The route is so dangerous that we are afraid to set out.
Result clause. tam + ut + subjunctive |
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tanti erant fluctus ut naves portum capere non possent
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The waves were so big that the ships could not reach the harbour
Result clause. tantus/a/um + ut + subjunctive |
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servus dominum adeo timebat ut aufugerit
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The slave feared his master so much that he ran away
Result clause. adeo + ut + subjunctive |
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adeo mihi non subvenerunt ut inimicis me tradiderint
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Instead of helping me they handed me over to my enemies (lit. to such an extent that they did not help me)
Result clause. adeo + ut + subjunctive |
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tantum abest ut...
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It was so far distant that...
Instead of... Impersonal expression used to introduce result clauses |
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tantum afuit ut mihi subvenirent ut inimicis me tradiderint
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Instead of helping me they handed me over to my enemies
Impersonal expression "tantum adeo ut" used to introduce result clause. |
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puer timet ne in aquam cadat
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The boys fear that he will fall into the water
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
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Caesar metuebat ne Galli castra Romana oppugnarent
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Caesar feared that the Gauls would attack the Roman camp
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
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timebant ne unus ex custodibus urbem hostibus prodidisset
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They feared that one of the guards had betrayed the city to the enemy
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
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nos timebus omnes ne nuntius ad tempus non adveniat
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We are all afraid that the messenger will not arrive in time
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
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Verebantur Romani ut socii sibi subvenirent
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The Romans feareed that their allies would not help them.
Fearing clause w ut + subjunctive (translate ut as 'that...not' |
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verebantur ne piratae se caperent
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They feared that the pirates would capture them
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive (se/suus refers to subjuct of main verb) |
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pueri speluncam intrare timebant
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The boys were afraid to enter the cave
Fearing using the present infinitive |
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ubi domum rediero, statim cubitum ibo
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When I return home, I shall go to bed immediately
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
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consul, ut Curiam intravit, a patribus salutatus est
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When the consult entered the Senate house, he was greeted by the senators
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
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pueri, dum nantabant, delphinum spectabant
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While the boys were swimming they were watching the dolphin
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
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simulatque nos viderunt, fugerunt
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As soon as they saw us, they fled
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
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custodes portas clauserunt antequam hostes urbem ingrederentur
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The guards closed the gates before the enemy could enter the city
Time clause w subjunctive = purpose or intent |
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paucos moratus est dies dum se copiae ab Corcyra adsequerentur
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He delayed a few days for the forces from Corcyra to catch (him) up
Time clause w subjunctive = purpose or intent |
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lupus exspectabat dum dormitarent canes
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The wolf was waiting for the dogs to doze off
Time clause w subjunctive = purpose or intent |
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dum dormio, fur vestimental arripuit
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While I was sleeping, the wolf stole my clothes
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
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cum ludos videbo, laetus ero
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When I see the games, I shall be happy
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
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cum erum videro, eum salutabo
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When I see him, I shall greet him
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
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servi, cum dominum conspexerunt, strenue laborant
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Whenever the slaves see their master, they work hard
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
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quotiens eum cantatem audiveram, ridebam
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Whenever I heard him singing, I used to laugh
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
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iam pridem effugere conamur
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We have been trying to escape for a long time (and we are still trying)
Time clause w iam = ongoing action |
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iam diu effugere conabamur
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We had been trying to escape for a long time (and we were still trying)
Time clause w iam diu = ongoing action |
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non prius abibo quam tu vera dixeris
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I shall not go away until you tell the truth
Time clause w priusquam (which is split. Antequam does this also) |
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poeta tribus post diebus quam ex Graecia redierat mortuus est.
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Three days after he (had) returned from Greece, the poet died.
Time clause w postquam (split up, especially when a definite interval of time is mentioned) |
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si tu vales, ego gaudeo
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If you are well, I am pleased
Conditional sentence w indicative |
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si id fecit, erravit
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If he did that, he made a mistake
Conditional sentence w indicative |
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si falsa dicis, punieris
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If you are lying, you will be punished
Conditional sentence w indicative |
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si id feceris, poenas dabis
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If you do that, you will be punished
Conditional sentence w indicative |
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nisi celerius curremus, furem non capiemus
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If we do not run faster, we shall not catch the thief
Conditional sentence w indicative |
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si id dicas, erres
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If you were to say that, you would be wrong
Conditional sentence w subjunctive. Present |
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nisi canis latravisset, furem non cepissemus
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If the dog had not barked, we would not have caught the thief
Conditional sentence w subjunctive. Pluperfect |
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si rex essem, omnes me timerent
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If I were king, all men would fear me
Conditional sentence w subjunctive. Imperfect |
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si talia verba tibi dixissem, amici non essemus
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If I had said that sort of thing to you, we should not (now) be friends
Conditional sentence w subjunctive, mixed tenses |
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nisi anseres clangorem fecissent, arx capi potuit
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If the geese had not cackled, the citadel could have been taken.
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
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nos servare potest, si vellet
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He could save us if he wanted to
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
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si me revera amares, mihi parcere te oportuit
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If you really loved me, you ought to have spare me
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
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nisi ex Italia effugisset, puniendus fuit
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If he had not escaped from Italy, he would have had to be punished
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
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omnia faciam si forte viam salutis invenire possim
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I'll make every effort to see if I can find a path to safety
Conditional sentence. si + present or imperfect subjunctive (often forte) can mean 'in case', 'in the hope that', or 'to see if' |
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clamabant si quis se audiret
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They kept shouting in the hope that someone would hear them
Conditional sentence. si + present or imperfect subjunctive (often forte) can mean 'in case', 'in the hope that', or 'to see if' |
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acriter pugnatur
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There is a fierce battle
Passive used impersonally |
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tandem ad urbem perventum
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At last the city was reached/At last they reached the city
Passive used impersonally |
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hostibus ferociter resistebatur
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Fierce resistance was offered to the enemy/The enemy were fiercely resisted
Passive used impersonally |
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ad urbem concursum est
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There was a rush to the city
Passive used impersonally |
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nobis laborandum est
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We must work
Passive used impersonally |
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militibus imperatum est
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The soldiers were ordered
Passive used impersonally |
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hostibus a custodibus resistebatur
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The enemy were resisted by the guards
Passive used impersonally |
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tibi numquam credetur
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You will never be believed
Passive used impersonally |
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legibus a nobis parendum est
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The laws must be obeyed by us
Passive used impersonally |
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dicunt acriter pugnari
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They say that a fierce battle is raging
Passive used impersonally |
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scimus nobis laborandum esse
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We know that we must work
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pueri ad litus ad natandum descenderunt
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The boys went down to the beach to swim
Gerund in the accusative case after 'ad', expressing purpose |
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Libri ad studendum necessarii sunt
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Books are necessary for studying
Gerund in the accusative case after 'ad', expressing purpose |
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Pueri ad litus natandi causa descenderunt
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The boys went down to the beach to swim.
Gerund in the genitive case with 'causa', expressing purpose |
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puer artem natandi a fratre didicit
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The boy learned the art of swimming from his brother.
Gerund in the genitive case, depending on a noun which governs the genitive |
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mater pueri omnia cognoscendi avida erat
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The boy's mother was eager to learn everything
Gerund in the genitive, depending on a noun or adjective which governs the genitive |
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tempus redeundi est
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It is time to return (for returning)
Gerund in the genitive, depending on a noun or adjective which governs the genitive |
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omnes vivendo discimus
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We all learn by living
Gerund in the ablative |
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ad urbem capiendam milites misit
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He sent soldiers to capture the city
Gerundive in the accusative case, after 'ad', expressing purpose |
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ad equos emendos huc venerunt
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They have come here to buy horses
Gerundive in the accusative case after 'ad' expressing purpose |
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nautae navem reficiendam curaverunt
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The sailors attended to the repair(ing) of the ship
Gerundive in the accusative case (governed by curare, suscipere and tradere) |
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libri legendi causa
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to read a book
Gerundive in the genitive, with causa, expressing purpose |
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civium servandorum causa
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to save the citizens
Gerundive in the genitive, with causa, expressing purpose |
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ars epistolae scribendae
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the art of writing a letter
Gerundive in the genitive, depending on another noun or an adjective which governs the genitive |
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peritus belli gerendi
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skilled in waging war
Gerundive in the genitive, depending on another noun or an adjective which governs the genitive |
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iam tempus est discipuorum dimittendorum
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Now it is time to dismiss the pupils
Gerundive in the genitive, depending on another noun or an adjective which governs the genitive |
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de epistolis scribendis
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about writing letters
Gerundive in the ablative case |
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urbs defendenda est
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The city must be (ought to be, should be) defended
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity |
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moenia erant custodienda
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The walls had to be guarded
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity |
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vinum tibi non bibendum est
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The wine must not be drunk by you
You must not drink the wine Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
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surgendum mihi est
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I ought to get up
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
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mox nobis profiscendum erit
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We will have to set out soon
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
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militibus fortius est pugnandum
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The soldiers must fight more bravely
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
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tantam pecuniam habeo quantam tu
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I have as much money as you
tantus...quantus = correlatives |
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talis erat qualen numquam antea videramus
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The cloud was such as we had never seen before
talis...qualis = correlatives |
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eandem fabulam mihi narravisti ac puer
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You have told me the same story as the boy
= correlatives |
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pirata mortem ita obiit ut vitam egerat
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The pirate met death in the same way he had lived his life
= correlatives |
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eo profectus est quo ceteri viatores
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He set out for the place to which the other travellers (had gone)
He set out for the same place as the other travellers = correlatives |
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tot captivi sunt in castris quot milites
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There are as many prisoners in the camp as soldiers
= correlatives |
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quo saepius urbem visito, eo magis ruri habitare malo
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The more often I visit the city, the more I prefer to live in the country
= correlatives |
