Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
thyroid gland |
Largest major endocrine gland that exclusively produces hormones Only endocrine gland that stores its hormones (thyroid hormone); 2-3 month's worth raw, unfinished supply 2 kinds of cells 1. follicular cells- produce thyroid hormone (TH); Thyroglobulin 2. Parafollicular cells- produce calcitonin |
|
|
Structure of thyroid hormones |
2 tyrosine bound together T4 has 4 iodines; T3 has 3 (ONLY structural difference btwn them) |
|
|
Calcium regulation |
1. Calcitonin- responds to too much calcium in blood; stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone. Released by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland 2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- released by parathyroid glands. Responds to humoral stimulus (low blood [Ca]). Releases HCl and osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca into the blood |
|
|
Adrenal cortex |
Produces steroids- use direct gene activation 3 layers 1. zona glomerulosa- outermost layer. Produces mineralocorticoids- regulate mineral balance. Mainly aldosterone- Na regulation; indirectly affects water regulation, raises BP by stimulating Na reabsorption 2. Zona fasciculata- produces glucocorticoids. Regulate blood sugar. Mainly cortisol 3. Zona reticularis- produces weak androgens |
|
|
Result of long-term stress |
Excess aldosterone --> increased BP Excess cortisol --> weakened immune system |
|
|
adrenal medulla |
Produces amines- epinephrine and norepinephrine. Short-term response to stress |
|
|
Pancreas |
99% of cells are part of GI system; secrete digestive enzymes. Acing cells and exocrine gland (ducts) 1% of cells have endocrine function: Islets of Langerhans, aka pancreatic islets. 2 kinds of cells 1. alpha cells- produce glucagon; raises BG 2. beta cells- produce insulin- lowers BG |
|
|
BG regulation |
If BG rises (humoral stimulus), beta cells produce insulin. Stimulates body tissues to take glucose in from blood, lowers BG. Liver takes up glucose from blood and stores it as glycogen. If BG low, alpha cells produce glucagon. Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis), increases BG. |
|
|
Pineal gland |
Located in brain Releases melatonin- sleep regulation. Melatonin cycle allows for periods of rest and activity. Levels are high at night and low during the day. |
|
|
Thymus |
Hormones do not circulate Thymic hormones affect thymus and T cells |
|
|
Functions of reproductive system |
Latest maturing system 1. production of gametes (eggs, sperm) 2. secretion of sex hormones 3. production of offspring 4. nurturing of offspring (female- mammary glands) |
|
|
Primary sex organs |
Gonads Testes in males Ovaries in females Produce gametes and sex hormones |
|
|
Accessory reproductive organs |
Ducts Glands Supportive Structures |
|
|
Testes |
Primary sex organ of male reproductive system Produce sperm and male sex hormone (testosterone) Seminiferous tubules=where sperm is formed. 2 kinds of cells: 1. spermatogenic cells- cells that will develop into sperm 2. Sertoli cells- nourish the spermatogenic cells (provide appropriate nutrients and environment) 3rd type of cell in testes=Leydig cells. Produce testosterone. |
|
|
Male accessory reproductive organs |
1. ducts- transport, storage, maturation of sperm a. epididymus (swimming lessons) b. vas deferens c. ejaculatory duct d. urethra 2. glands- secrete seminal fluid a. seminal vessicles- add fluids and nutrients b. prostate gland- adds different fluid to sperm c. bulbourethral gland- adds last component of seminal fluid 3. supporting structures a. scrotum- sac which holds testes and epididymis outside of body; aids in testes temperature regulation b. penis
|
|
|
semen |
sperm+seminal fluid |
|
|
diploid (2n) |
chromosome number in most body cells (46 in humans) |
|
|
haploid (n) |
chromosome number in gametes (23 in humans) |
|
|
karyotype |
ordered display of all the chromosomes in the body cells |
|
|
meiosis |
cell division that produces gametes occurs in the gonads results in 4 different haploid gametes |
|
|
Spermatogenesis |
Process that produces sperm in testes. Takes 3 months (beginning to end) 1. meiosis --> haploid cells 2. spermiogenesis (haploid cells -->sperm) a. 2n stem cell=spermatogonium b. mitosis --> 2 diploid cells (primary spermatocytes) c. meiosis I --> 2 haploid cells (secondary spermatocytes) d. meiosis II --> 4 haploid cells (spermatids) |
|
|
Sperm |
1. Head- acrosome (has digestive enzymes); nucleus (haploid # chromosomes) 2. Middle piece/neck- mitochondria (provides energy to swim) 3. Tail- flagella (organelle which allows sperm to swim) |
|
|
Hypothalamus (in regards to male reproduction) |
Makes GnRH- stimulates AP to release LH and FSH LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone FSH targets Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
|
|
effects of testosterone |
1. growth of repro organs 2. male secondary sex characteristics 3. stimulates spermatogenesis 4. growth spurt 5. sex drive |
|
|
Female reproductive system |
1. female gonads=ovaries. Produce eggs and sex hormones. 2. accessory repro organs a. ducts- fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina b. mammary glands |
|
|
Layers of the uterine wal |
1. Perimetrium- visceral peritoneum 2. Myometrium- smooth muscle layer 3. Endometrium- mucous memrans a. stratum basalis- permanent layer b. stratum functionalis- changes in response to sex hormones |
