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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nature vs. Nurture |
Genetic predisposition vs. the environment |
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Epigenetics |
Environmental influence over gene expression |
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Monism |
Mind & Body are "one" Bidirectional relationship Mind is product of brain Neuroscience supports it |
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Dualism |
The mind & body are separated |
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Plasticity |
Consistent changes in behavior can lead to long lasting/permanent changes in the physiology of the organism |
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Consciousness |
Awareness of and ability to communicate about ones thoughts, perceptions, memories and feelings |
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Phenomena that challenges our understanding of consciousness |
Blindsight Unilateral Neglect Split Brain Surgery |
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Split Brain Operations |
Corpus callosum is cut to control seizures No communication between hemispheres |
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Hippocrates |
Believed the Brain was involved in sensation and intelligence |
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Aristotle |
Believed the Brain was a cooling apparatus for the blood |
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Galen |
Deducted that the ventricles of the Brain hose the "humors" fluids |
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"Humors" fluids |
Are involved in sensations and movement by acting through hollow tubes called nerves |
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Descartes |
Supported a fluid theory of body movement and proposed the theory of reflexes |
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Galvani |
Nerves functioned like "wires" Believed that one nerve processed both sensation and movement |
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Bell & Magendie |
Discovered there were separate nerves for sensation and movement |
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Muller's Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
All neurons say the same thing...(excitation or inhibition) the message that is sent is determined by where the neuron is located |
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Helmholtz |
Determined that neurons communicated using chemicals |
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Francis Gall: Phrenology |
Protrusions on the surface of the skull can describe personality strengths |
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Florens: Brain Ablations |
Systematic removal of brain areas and observing loss of function Concluded there was no localization of function in the cortex |
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Penfield |
Claimed to be able to elicit memories by stimulating the cortex of awake patients during surgery |
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Paul Broca |
Localized Speech Area Central sulcus |
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Central Nervous System |
Brain & Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Somatic & Autonomic |
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Somatic |
Interact with the environment (external) |
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Autonomic |
Interact inside environment Sympathetic: "arousal" Parasympathetic: "calm" |
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Glia cells |
Most common cells in the Nervous System. Aren't excitable and don't communicate |
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Function of Glia Cells |
Provide support for neurons (astrocytes) Structural, nutritional, developmental Housekeeping (phagocytosis) Myelinated axons (insulation) Form the blood brain barrier (toxins out) |
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Sensory Neurons |
Afferent (you do something) |
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Motor neuron |
Efferent (allow muscles to contract) |
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Interneuron |
Sends message (yes or no) |
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Neuron Doctrine |
Nervous system is made up of discrete cells called neurons. Info is transmitted from cell-cell across the synaptic space |
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Nissil Stain |
Cell bodies |
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Golgi Stain |
Stains for cell body & neurites |
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Dendrite |
Receivers |
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Soma ("cell body") |
Holds nucleus - dendrites attached to it |
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Axon |
The conducting fiber |
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Axon Hillock |
Where the cell body and axon meet & action potential occurs here |
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Terminal Button |
Communicates w/ neighboring dendrites. Electrical signals turns into chemical signals |
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Synapse |
Space between Terminal Buttons & Dendrites (Communicates w/ neuron A and neuron B) |
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Synaptic Cleft |
Space |
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Multipolar Neuron |
1 axon & Many dendrites (multiple inputs) |
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Bipolar Neuron |
1 axon & 1 dendrite attached to its soma (cell body) |
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Unipolar neuron |
1 axon attached to its soma The axon divides, with 1 branch receiving sensory info & the other sending info into the CNS |
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Membrane |
Structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell |
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Electrode |
A conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation to/or record electrical potentials |
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Microelectrode |
Very fine, generally used to record activity of individual neurons |
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Oscilloscope |
Lab instrument capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube |
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Neurites |
Something coming off of the cell body (soma) |
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2 basic electrical potentials in an axon |
Resting & Action |
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Resting Potential |
When a cells not conducting a signal, it's "at rest". Negative electrical charges fluid on inside surface of membrane not outside |
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What is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest? |
Approx. -65 mV or -70 mV |
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Action Potential |
Reversal of Resting Potential Inside of the cell is more positive relative to the outside of the cell |
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Na+ is more concentrated ____ the cell at rest |
Outside |
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Which direction is Na+ going? (In or out) |
In |
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K+ is more concentrated ____ the cell at rest |
Inside |
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Which direction is K+ going? (In or out) |
Out |
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Cl- is more concentrated ____ of the cell at rest |
Outside |
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Which direction is Cl- going? (In or out) |
In |
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Depolarization |
Membrane Potential becomes more positive than at rest (Increases) |
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Hyperpolarization |
Membrane potential becomes more negative than at rest (Decreases) Refractory Period |
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Diffusion |
Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration |
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Electrostatic Pressure |
Attractive force between atomic particles. Opposite signs attract Same signs repel |
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Ion Channel |
A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave the cell |
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Voltage-Dependent Ion Channel |
Opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential |
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Chemical-Dependent Ion Channel |
Opens or closes in response to a chemical binding to the receptor "coupled" to the ion channel |
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Na+/K+ Pump |
Pumps 2 K+ in the membrane Pumps 3 Na+ out of membrane To correct concentration difference & sets everything back to rest |
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Conduction Velocity |
The speed of propagation of action potentials Varies with the diameter of the axon Larger = faster |
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Nodes of Ranvier |
Small gaps in the insulating myelin sheath |
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Saltatory Conduction |
The action potential jumps from node to node |
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When neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor these small proteins are activated |
G-Proteins |
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Neuromodulator |
Indirect - binds to metabotropic receptors |
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Postsynaptic Potentials |
Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic Neuron, in response to neurotransmitter release at the synapse |
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP) |
Na+ channels Depolarization of the membrane |
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP) |
K+ & Cl- channels Hyperpolarization of the membrane |
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Reuptake |
When molecules of a neurotransmitter are released into the synaptic cleft are transported back into the terminal buttons |
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Enzyme Deactivation |
The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release |
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Autoreceptors |
A receptor molecule located on the presynaptic Neuron that Regulates synthesis and the release of a neurotransmitter. |
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Synaptic Integration |
Process which inhibitory & excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron |
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Spatial Summation |
"Space" (based on location) When 2+ presynaptic inputs are active at the same time |
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Temporal Summation |
"Timing" When the same presynaptic fiber fires action potentials and the individual EPSP's add together |
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Gap Junctions |
Electrical synapses located in the heart Action potentials can jump directly to the postsynaptic region without being transformed into a chemical signal |
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Ligand |
A neurochemical that binds to a receptor |
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Endogenous Ligand |
Comes from within |
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Exogenous Ligand |
Externally administered We put them into our system |
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Agonists |
Binds to the receptor and activates the receptor in a similar fashion as the endogenous ligand |
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Antagonists |
Binds to the receptor and blocks/prevents the endogenous ligand from binding |
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Neuraxis |
Imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain |
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Anterior vs. Posterior |
In front vs. In back |
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Rostral vs. Caudal |
"Rooster beak" (out) vs. "horse tail" (down) |
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Dorsal vs. Ventral |
"Dolphin fin" (top) vs. "stomach" (bottom) |
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Lateral vs. Medial |
"Ears" (side) vs. "Nose" (center) |
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Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral |
Same aside vs. Opposite side |
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Anatomical Cuts |
Cross Section/Frontal Section/Coronal (Razor head band)
Horizontal section "helicopter"
Sagittal Section "cut like bread" |
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Dura Mater |
Tough membrane |
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Arachnoid Membrane |
Weblike Appearance |
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Subarachnoid Space |
Blood Vessels & Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Pia Mater |
Right on top of the brain |
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Nervous System Tissue |
Brain, Spinal Cord, Cranial Nerves |
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Olfactory Nerve |
Sense = Smell |
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Optic Nerve |
Sense = Vision |
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Optic Nerve |
Sense = Vision |
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Oculomotor Nerve |
Motor = eye movement/pupil |
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Trochlear Nerve |
Motor = Eye Movement |
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Trigeminal Nerve |
Sense = face Motor = chewing |
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Abducens |
Motor = eye movement |
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Facial Nerve |
Sense = taste Motor = face |
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Auditory-Vestibular |
Sense = hearing & balance |
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Glossopharyngeal |
Sense = taste Motor = throat |
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Vagus |
Motor = parasympathetic (relaxed) |
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Spinal Accessory |
Motor = threat & neck |
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Hypoglossal |
Motor = tongue |
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Dorsal Root |
The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers |
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Ventral Root |
The spinal root that contains the outgoing (efferent) motor fibers |
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Spinal Cord Matter |
White Matter (fat) = outside Gray Matter (cells) = inside |
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Cervical |
"Breakfast" 7 |
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Thoracic |
"Lunch" 12 |
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Lumbar |
"Dinner" 5 |
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Sacral & Coccyx |
Fused |
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Ventricle System |
4 hollow spaces inside rain containing Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Produced by choroid plexus (tissue located within the ventricles) "Black Cottage Cheese" |
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Hydrocephalus |
Blockage of a ventricle |
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CSF Function |
Supports the weight of the brain (buoyant) Helps reduce shock to the CNS caused by sudden head movements |
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Cerebral Ventricles |
Lateral (1 & 2) 3rd Cerebral Aqueduct 4th |
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Cerebral Aqueduct |
A narrow tube interconnecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain |
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Forebrain |
Sense/Separates us from other animals (inhibitory) 1.) Telencephalon 2.) Diencephalon |
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Midbrain |
Keeps species alive behaviorally (maternal) 1.) Mesencephalon |
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Hindbrain |
Keeps life physiological (life or death) 1.) Metencephalon 2.) Myelencephalon
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Telencephalon |
Lateral ventricles (1 & 2) - Cerebral Cortex - Basal Ganglia - Limbic System |
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Diencephalon |
(3rd ventricle) - Thalamus - Hypothalamus |
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Mesencephalon |
(Cerebral Aqueduct) - Tectum: "roof" - Tegmentum: "floor" |
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Metencephalon |
(4th ventricle) - Pons - Cerebellum |
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Myencephalon |
- Medulla |
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Telencephalon |
- Cerebral hemispheres (cortex): convolutions - Sulcus: in between (folds) - Fissure: deep grooves - Gyrus: surface of brain (bumps) |
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Temporal Lobe |
Ventral to Lateral Fissure |
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Occipital Lobe |
Visual info, back of brain |
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Frontal Lobe |
Motor behavior & to control impulses, plan, hypothetical thinking. (Dorsal to lateral fissure) |
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Parietal Lobe |
Posterior/coutal to central fissure Somatosensory (senses) |
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Limbic System |
Thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, limbix cortex & parts of the hypothalamus |
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Hippocampus |
Ability to form long term memories "Seahorse" |
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Amygdala |
End of the hippocampus Emotional processing Very plactic |
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Basal Ganglia |
Ability to move & function Includes the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, & putamen |
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Thalamus |
Major relay station for sensory info "Train station" |
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Hypothalamus |
Controls the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Organized behavior under hormonal control: fighting, feeding, fleeting & mating |
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Tegmentum ("covering") |
Floor/Bottom Periaqueductal gray matter Substantial nigra: ("black substance") |
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Tectum |
Superior colliculi (vision): Primitive Visual System
Inferior colliculi (audition): Primitive Hearing System |
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Metencephalon |
- Cerebellum ("little brain"): hand eye/coordination & learning that doesn't have to be consciously aware
- Pons ("bridge"): gateway for axons & reticular formation from the medulla Buldge
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Myelencephalon |
-Medulla oblongata: Lots of nuclei that keep you alive...without it = fatality
-Reticular Formation: Keeps you awake & aroused (aware) Losing arousal, neurons stop firing Coma like state, but not sleeping
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