Exam Three Biol1120 Stacy Wild

Front 1

Perikaryon

Back 1

also known as the cell body, or soma. it is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.

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Dendrite

Back 2

are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. AFFERENT, THEY ARE AFFECTED.

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Axon

Back 3

is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. EFFERENT, EFFECTS THINGS.

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Schwann Cell

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a variety of glial cell that keep peripheral nerve fibres (both myelinated and unmyelinated) alive. In myelinated axons, Schwann cells form the myelin sheath. The sheath is not continuous. Individual myelinating Schwann cells cover about 100 micrometre of an axon. The end result is a string of Schwann cells along the length of the axon, much like a string of sausages.

Front 5

Nodes of Ranvier

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areas of exposed axon in between the schwann cells, allows for fast conduction of impulses through saltatory conduction.

Front 6

Perikaryon

Back 6

also known as the cell body, or soma. it is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.

Front 7

Dendrite

Back 7

are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. AFFERENT, THEY ARE AFFECTED.

Front 8

Axon

Back 8

is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. EFFERENT, EFFECTS THINGS.

Front 9

Schwann Cell

Back 9

a variety of glial cell that keep peripheral nerve fibres (both myelinated and unmyelinated) alive. In myelinated axons, Schwann cells form the myelin sheath. The sheath is not continuous. Individual myelinating Schwann cells cover about 100 micrometre of an axon. The end result is a string of Schwann cells along the length of the axon, much like a string of sausages.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Back 10

areas of exposed axon in between the schwann cells, allows for fast conduction of impulses through saltatory conduction.

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Glial Cells (neuroglial cells)

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support cells of the nervous system, form a sheath around the axon (schwann cells and oligodendrocytes) protecting it and keeping it alive.

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Difference between Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

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oligodendroglia are found in the CNS, schwann cells in the PNS. both serve basically the same purpose, the cover and maintain the axon.

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Nervous System Organization

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refer to slide 4 in Chapter 44 lecture.

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CNS

Back 14

myelinated (oligodendrocytes) axons form the white matter, dendrites and cell bodies form the grey matter.

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PNS

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myelinated axons are bundled to form nerves, cell bodies for ganglia.

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Membrane Polarity

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Negative Pole = cytoplasmic side
Positive Pole = ECF side

Front 17

The Na/K Pump

Back 17

maintains the resting membrane potential, for every 2 K+ that enter, 3 Na+ exit.

Front 18

Na/K Pump Cycle

Back 18

(1) carriers in the membrane attach to intercellular sodium (2) ATP phosphorylates the membrane protein to which the sodium is bound (3) ATP phosphorylation results in a conformational change in the protein, reducing it's affinity for sodium resulting in diffusion of sodium out of the cell (4) the new protein conformation results in a higher affinity for potassium resulting in the binding of EC potassium to the exposed binding sites (5) the potassium binding results in de-phosphorylation of the protein (6) the de-phos triggers change back to the protein's original conformation, with a low potassium affinity and a high sodium affinity, this causes the potassium to be released and new sodium to be picked up.

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Graded Potentials

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result from small changes in membrane potential due to the opening of ion channels.

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Depolarization

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more positive

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Hyperpolarization

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more negative

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Summation

Back 22

the ability of graded potentials to combine.

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Action Potential

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results when depolarization reaches the threshold potential, caused by voltage gated ion channels.

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Nerve Impulses

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are transmitted as subsequent regions of the membrane become depolarized, it's like a wave.

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Nerve Impulse Velocity

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may increase due to: myelination (allows saltatory conduction) or increased overall diameter (common in invertebrates)

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Synaptic Cleft

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area into which the presynaptic cell releases the products of it's synaptic vesicles via exocytosis (ex. acetylcholine)

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Action Potential

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Once a graded potential reaches threshold and becomes an action potential there is a release (and subsequent increase in concentration of) Ca+ ions in the cytoplasm of the presynaptic cell. This causes the synaptic vesicles to bind with the cell membrane and, through exocytosis, release their acetylcholine (or whatever NT) into the synaptic cleft where it binds with chemical or ligand gated receptor proteins on the postsynaptic cell.

Front 28

EPSP

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excitatory post synaptic response, they are depolarizing and typically increase gNa or decrease gK and sum up to cause an action potential; e.g. glutamate

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IPSP

Back 29

inhibitory postsynaptic response, produce inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), they are generally hyperpolarizing and typically increase gCl (open ligand gated channel) or gK; e.g. GABA and Glycine

Front 30

Acetylcholine

Back 30

is always the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, it produces an EPSP at the NMJ.

Front 31

Glutamate

Back 31

an amino acid that is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS.

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Neurotransmitters

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Epi- Adrenaline
NorEpi- fight or flight
Dopamine- body movements
Serotonin- sleep regulation
Substance P- activated by pain
Nitric Oxide- smooth muscle relaxation.

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Cocaine Addiction

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affects the limbic system, binds dopamine transporters and prevents the reuptake of dopamine. Dopamine remains in the synapse longer and fires pleasure pathways over and over, over timethe neurons in the limbic system will reduce the number of receptors leading to addiction.

Front 34

Vertebrate Brains

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all have three divisions, the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.

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Rhombencephalon

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consists of the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum

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Mesencephalon

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consists of the optic tetum (not really a distinct anatomical area)

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Prosencephalon

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consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, optic chiasm, cerebrum and olfactory bulb.

Front 38

Brain Evolution

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as vertebrates have evolved the forebrain has become the dominant region.

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Medulla Oblongata

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part of the rhombencephalon, contains sensory nuclei, reticular activating system (arousal and motivation), in control of autonomic functions. Decussation occurs here.

Front 40

Pons

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part of the rhombencephalon, part of the RAS, involved in autonomic functions

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Cerebellum

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part of the rhombencephalon, involved in the coordination of movements and balance

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Eye and Ear Reflexes

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are processed in the mesencephalon

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Thalamus

Back 43

part of the diencephalon within the prosencephalon, serves as a relay station for ascending sensory and descending motor tracts, serves some autonomic functions.

Front 44

Hypothalamus

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part of the diencephalon within the prosencephalon, serves some autonomic functions and has some neuroendocrine control.

Front 45

Basal Ganglia

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part of the telencephalon within the prosencephalon, is responsible for motor control

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Corpus Callosum

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part of the telencephalon within the prosencephalon, connects and relays information between the two hemispheres.

Front 47

Hippocampus

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limbic system (pleasure), part of the telencephalon within the prosencephalon, responsible for memory and emotion.

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Cerebral Cortex

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part of the cerebrum which is found in the telencephalon within the prosencephalon, serves the higher cognitive functions, integrates and interprets sensory information, organizes motor output.

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Sulcus

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a groove or furrow on the surface of the brain, the Central sulcus divides the brain in two with the pre-central gyrus lying anterior to it and the post central gyrus lying posterior.

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Pre-Central Gyrus

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houses motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles, part of the frontal lobe

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Post-Central Gyrus

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houses sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other sense, part of the parietal lobe.

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Gyrus

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a ridge or fold between the two clefts on the surface of the brain.

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4 Lobes of the Brain

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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital

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Sensory Path

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sensory data is sent up the ascending tracts in the spine, decussates in the medulla oblongata, and then travels to the thalamus where it is processed, the info is then sent to the cerebrum which sends out the motor commands which travel down the descending tracts of the spinal cord to their destination.

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Lobes

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Frontal - conscious thought, primary motor
Parietal - taste and touch, primary sensory
Temporal - auditory and olfactory
Occipital - visual

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Hemisphere Lateralization

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Left Brain - language, analysis, logic
Right Brain - artistic interp, music, puzzles, spatial visualization.

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Myelinated Axons

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form white matter in the CNS and are bundled to form nerves in the PNS

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Dendrites/Cell Bodies

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dendrites and cell bodies form gray matter in the CNS, cell bodies form ganglia in the PNS.

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Cerebrum

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interior consists primarily of white matter, aggregates of neuron cell bodies form islands of grey matter within the white matter called basal ganglia

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Basal Ganglia

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islands of grey matter within the white matter of the cerebrum, made up of aggregates of neuron cell bodies.

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Thalamus

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relays sensory information to the cerebral lobes

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Hypothalamus

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basic drives and emotions, pituitary control

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Brain Stem

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located below the hemispheres, made up of the medulla oblongata and the pons. The medulla controls circulation and respiration. the pons serves as a bridge and has relay and respiratory control

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Reticular Activating Center

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collections of neurons in brain stem, controls consciousness and alertness

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Memory

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is theorized to be dispersed throughout the brain, long term memory involves structural changes in the neural connections. ex. grassy field lovers.

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Blood Brain Barrier

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decreased permeability of CNS capillaries allows for more precise control of the chemicals that come into contact with CNS neurons.

Front 67

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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is constantly being circulated through the ventricles (in the brain), the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater) and the central canal of the spine.

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Spinal Meninges

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from outermost to innermost: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, the pia mater

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Meningitis

Back 69

viral or bacterial infection of the meninges.

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Monosynaptic Reflex

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following reception and passage through the dorsal root ganglion a single synapse in the grey horn of the spinal cord is responsible for the reflex.

Front 71

Polysynaptic Reflex

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a series of synapses between interneurons occurs within the grey horns of the spinal cord.

Front 72

The PNS

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consists of nerves and ganglia
Nerves are bundles of axons bound by connective tissue
Ganglia are aggregates of neuron cell bodies

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Somatic Nervous System

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Effector: Skeletal Muscle motor nerves are always excited (never inhibited) and single innervation of effector cells is always the case. Acetylcholine. 1 neuron

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, Effectors: Cardiac and Smooth muscle, Exocrine Glands, motor nerves can be excited or inhibited and innervation of effector cells is most often dual, Ach and norepi. 2 neurons

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ANS Pathway

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visceral receptor - visceral afferent neuron - synapse with preganglionic efferent neuron (in spine) - synapse with postganglionic efferent neuron (in vertebral or collateral ganglion) - impulse to postganglionic efferent neuron - effect innervated organ.

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Preganglionic Neuron Origins

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Symp - Thoracic and Lumbar regions of spine, most axons synapse in the sympathetic chains
Parasymp - Brain and Sacral region of spine, axons terminate in ganglia near or within internal organs

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Autonomic Effects

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are mediated by the action of G-coupled protein receptors, a conformational change of the G protein causes ion channel opening and the release of potassium ions.

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Exteroceptors

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detect external stimuli

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Interoceptors

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detect internal stimuli

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Nociceptor

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pain receptor

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Thermoceptor

Back 81

detects temperature, many more cold than warm

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Mechanoreceptor

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phasic (fast to adapt) or tonic (slow to adapt)

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Merkle Cell

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Tonic - located near skin surface, sensitive to touch pressure and duration

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Ruffini Corpuscle

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Tonic - near surface of skin, sensitive to touch pressure and duration

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Meissner Corpuscle

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Phasic - sensitive to fine touch

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Pacinian Corpuscle

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Phasic - pressure sensitive, deep below skin in subcutaneous tissue

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Proprioceptor

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mechanoreceptors that monitor muscle length and tension, provide information about body position.

Front 88

Baroreceptor

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mechanoreceptor that monitors blood pressure. neurons located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect tension and stretch in the artery walls.

Front 89

Lateral Line Organ

Back 89

runs the length of a fish's side, used to detect vibrations. contains a kinocilium and stereocilia within gelatinous cupula.

Front 90

Stereocilia Bending

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if they bend toward the kinocilium - stimulatory
if they bend away from the kinocilium - inhibitory

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Inner Ear

Back 91

contains both a bony labyrinth and a membranous labyrinth,

Front 92

Cochlea

Back 92

part of the membranous labyrinth, used for hearing

Front 93

Baroreceptor

Back 93

mechanoreceptor that monitors blood pressure. neurons located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect tension and stretch in the artery walls.

Front 94

Lateral Line Organ

Back 94

runs the length of a fish's side, used to detect vibrations. contains a kinocilium and stereocilia within gelatinous cupula.

Front 95

Stereocilia Bending

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if they bend toward the kinocilium - stimulatory
if they bend away from the kinocilium - inhibitory

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Inner Ear

Back 96

contains both a bony labyrinth and a membranous labyrinth, the membranous labyrinth lies within the bony labyrinth, separated by a layer of perilymph.

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Cochlea

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part of the membranous labyrinth, used for hearing

Front 98

Organ of Corti

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found within the cochlear duct, the organ of corti contains specialized structures that respond to fluid borne vibrations in the cochlea.

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Utricle

Back 99

one of the two otolith organs in the inner ear, senses horizontal acceleration

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Saccule

Back 100

one of the otolith organs in the inner ear, senses vertical acceleration