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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Were Romans innovators or borrowers?
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borrowers
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What were Romans known as?
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Great adapters
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What group settled the norther part of the Italian penisula and influenced the Romans, but do not have a well documented history?
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Etruscans
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Were Roman women treated better or worse than the Greek women?
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better
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Did the Etruscans have a civilized writing system?
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yes, but it is not yet deciphered
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Where was the later location of the Forum?
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a swampy valley below the Palatine Heart of the city of Rome
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What was the real location of power in the political structure of the Roman Republic?
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the senate
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What was the struggle between the patricians and the plebians called?
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the "struggle of the orders"
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What were the most important classes in Rome?
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patres(upper class) and plebians
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Which culture was the chief rival of Rome in the Mediterranean during the Middle Republic?
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Carthage
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Who was the leader of the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War?
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Hannibal
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What was the military strategy of Hannibal?
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planned to invade italy and encourage Rome's allies to revolt, build a fleet and blockade the city by sea, assault the city directly
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Which republican institute survived from the Republic to the Roman Empire?
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Senate
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Under which individual did the Rome move to Empire?
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Octavian-Augustus-Pax Romana
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Who was Rome's most ablest emperor?
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Augustus
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What does "syncretism" mean?
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blending of many faiths
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How was Roman religion the product of syncretism?
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the use of an emperor to unify the empire
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Whome were all Romans supposed to worship during the period of the Empire?
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the emperor
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From which group did the Roman writers and artist borrow most?
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Greek culture
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What was Roman philosophy based on?
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Epicurus, Zeno (stoicism) which was an emphasis on duty and rules to live by
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Who was the most influential individual during Rome's first literary period?
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Cicero
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Who was the most famous epic poet of Roman Literature?
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Vergil
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WHat is the name of Vergil's epic poem?
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Aeneid
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Why was the Aeneid written?
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to join Roman history to that of Greece, wanted to instill into Romans the values of a great past
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What types of themes characterized the writings of Vergil? What were his values?
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connecting Roman history to that of Greece, values of a great past
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Why did Tacitus write his historical works?
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to trace the decline of political freedom in Rome
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What was the heart of the city of Rome?
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the Forum
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What were some of the characteristics of Roman law? Why is it still important?
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product of needs of the state, revealed both greek and roman thought, identified with concept of natural law
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what were some characteristics of roman cities?
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architecture, statues, public pools and basins, fountains, gates, arches, great size of structures, rounded arches
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What two other monotheistic religions did the beliefs of Judaism help to shape?
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Christianity, islam
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What do Christians call the Jewish Bible?
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the Old testament
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According to tradition who was the first patriarch to settle in Canaan?
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Abraham
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What were the oldest copies of Jewish scriptures?
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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The Torah consist of what books?
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Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
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How did the God of the Hebrews differ from the other Mesopotamian deities?
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Ethical God-committed to justice and righteousness
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Who led the Hebrews in Exodus from Egypt?
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Moses
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What did Moses receive from God?
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the law code, ten commandments
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What were the Ten Commandments?
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contract b/w the Hebrews and their God, God was the central force in human history
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What were some of the names the Hebrews had for their God?
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Yahweh, Adonai
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How many temples were built in Jerusalem?
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three
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When was the third temple in Jerusalem destroyed?
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destroyed by the Romans in AD70
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Who built the first temple?
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Solomon, also had first historical writings
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Who were the Zealots?
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revolutionaries who committed suicide
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What is Rabbinical Judaism?
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tradition of teachers heading up congregations
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Where was Christianity adopted from?
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Judaism
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What practices did Christianity not adopt for Judaism?
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dietary practices
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Who documented Jesus' life?
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disciples, Gospels
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Who wrote the Gospels and when were they written?
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John, Matthew, Mark, Luke
they were written around AD 70 |
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What are the earliest writings of the New Testament?
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letters of Paul
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Who was Paul?
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theologian and missionary
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Who threatened the ancient Jews?
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Hellenistic and Roman civilizations
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What was the "New" Testament written in?
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Greek
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Who was the first Christian theologian?
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Paul
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What event does the Acts of the Apostles describe as a turning point in Christian history?
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opening of Christianity to Gentiles
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What happened within a generation of Jesus' death?
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Romans treated Christians as a suspect religious group. perscution was used to unify the dying empire
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What were some of the symbols used among early Christians?
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shepherd and flock, ichtus
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What were the middle ages called?
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age of faith
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early middle ages were called what?
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the dark ages
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What made life seem uncertain during the late Roman empire?
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political and social systems seemed unable to correct the ills of society
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What were the characteristics of Christian persecution?
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organized and brutal
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Why was the Arch of Constantine important?
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used for triumph
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Who was the earliest emperor to convert to Christianity?
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Constantine
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Who ended the persecutions of the Christians?
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Constantine
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What was the Edict of Milan?
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Christians permitted to worship openly
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What were the new medieval society in the west's roots?
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Whclassical heritage from Rome, Christian beliefs of the roman catholic church, customs of various germanic tribes
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What divided early Christians?
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disagreements over divine nature of Jesus
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Who were church fathers?
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brilliant writers on theology and morality
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Who translated the Bible into Latin?
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St. Jerome
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What did St. Augustine of Hippo ask?
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why the Roman empire was suffering so much. he explained the relationship b/w human and God within the context of both history and theology
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Who gave rise to the concept of Christendom?
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Pope Gelasius
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Who set rules for monks in momasteries?
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Benedict
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What was a characteristic of monk life?
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days divided into times for work, study, prayer, strict guidelines
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What were characteristics of a convent?
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separate facilities for women "nunneries", haven for women during invasions, some women forced by their families to take the veil as brides of Christ
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Who expanded papal power?
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Gregory I
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What happened to the papacy under Gregory I?
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became a political as well as spiritual office
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What did Augustine wonder in The City of God?
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why the roman empire was suffering so much
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What was the capital of the Late Roman Empire?
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Ravenna
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What was the arch of constantine inspired by?
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later builders of triumpal arches
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What style of architecture did Christians adopt?
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basilica style of architecture-borrowed from the Romans
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Why was the bapitistery often built as a seperate structure from a church?
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because the non baptized were not allowed in
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What are characteristics of early christian art?
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impressionistic and symbolic
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Where was the byzantine empire?
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turkey, asia minor
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What are characteristics of the Western church of Byzantine?
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Pope-Rome-Latin-celibate priests
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What are characteristics of EAstern church?
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patriarch, constaninople-greek-priest could marry
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What were characteristics of Byzantine mosaics and paintings?
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feet point downward, figures seem to float in space, figures are rendered in two dimensions, gestures are not expressive
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Who was the first and most important ruler of the Franks?
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Clovis
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Why was charlemagne able to hold his vast kingdom together?
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efficient bureaucracy
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What was the revival of learning called?
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Carolingian Renaissance
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What was the Carolingian Renaissance?
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the most important intellectual movement b/w the collapse of Rome and the learning revolution of the 12th century
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What was the importance of illuminated manuscripts?
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decorated sacred books and Bible, ordered schools established by all cathedrals and monasteries
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in 800 who did the Pope crown as emperor on christmas day?
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Charlemagne
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What does the word Islam mean?
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submission
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What was the importance of Mecca?
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the Kaaba and the word Allah all predate mohammed bedouin arab culture in the desert of saudi arabia. became an urban religion after flourishing in an agricultural oasis
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Who was Muhammad?
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caravan trader who calimed to have a divine revelation
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Why was Muhammad forced to flee Mecca?
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the reaction of the community at Mecca-threatened the economy of the city
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What was the date of the Hegira and how did it transform Muhammad?
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622-muhammad transformed from religious reformer to leader of a new religion
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What was the Kuran?
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holy book-uncreated and eternal word of God
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what were the early practices of Islam?
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faith, prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca, 5 pillars
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What were the most important central beliefs of Islam?
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"there is one god, allah, and muhammad is his prophet'
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What were the authoratative teachings?
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qur'an-muslim scriptures, hadith-oral traditions related to the teachings of muhammed, shari'a-islamic law
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what does caliph mean?
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representative, successor
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who was the first caliph after death of muhammad?
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Abu bakr
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who were the sunnis?
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cetrists-mainstream muslims
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who were the shi'ites?
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people who insisted that caliphs should be the descendants of Ali, Muhammads relative
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When was the Golden Age of Islam?
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8th-13th centuries
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What city was the center of the Islamic empire during the Abbasid Dynasty?
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Baghdad
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What was a mosque?
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a dominant architectural structure
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What is a Minaret?
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a thin pointed tower in which Muslims are called to prayer
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Who was Saladin?
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the most famous leader-made cairo a new center for islam and launched a golden age of learning in Egypt
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