Exam - Anatomy

Front 1

Organs of digestion

Back 1

1. mouth
2. pharynx (throat)
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine
   

Front 2

Accessory organs of digestion

Back 2

1. teeth
2. tongue
3. salivary glands
4. liver
5. gallbladder
6. pancreas
   

Front 3

Digestion definition

Back 3

process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical action to be used by the body

Front 4

Review eating process

Back 4

• chewing
• enzymes & HCL stim
• pharynx
• lower esophageal sphincter
• Pepsin digest protein
• pyloric sphincter
• SmI - bicarbonate, bile, amylase, protease, lipase
• absorption
• colon
• absoprtion
• elimination
  

Front 5

Sign & Sympton of low HCL

Back 5

can't build muscle

Front 6

What nutrients NOT absorbed in duedenum

Back 6

• fat soluble vitamins
• chloride
• simple sugars
• fatty acids
• amino acids
• cholesterol
• Vit K
• B12
• electrolytes
• bile salts
  

Front 7

HOw long for baby gut to close

Back 7

6 months - 2 years

Front 8

Low HCL affects

Back 8

• Pepsin not released = poor protein digest
  = poor absorption
  = high allergy and immune responce
• Poor peristalsis = poor elim, retox
• Poor mucus = ulcer
• poor intrinsic factor = poor B 12
• poor bicarbonate response = too acid
  

Front 9

Bile functions

Back 9

• helps alkaline chime
• decrease fat surface tension
• facilitates emulsifaction and absorption of fats
• lubricate intestine
• helps elimination
• binds toxins
  

Front 10

key liver functions

Back 10

• clean blood from digestion before heart (vena Cava)
• neutralize toxins
• nutrients metabolized to active form
• traffic - what goes where
• bile produced from cholesterol
• amino acids build proteins
• glycogen produced, stored, released
• regulates blood levels - hormones, sugars, proteins, fats
• metabolism of macronutrients
  

Front 11

problem with not eliminating regularly

Back 11

• ground for bacteria
• flora imbalance
• recirculate toxins
• estrogen dominance
• headaches
• fatigue
• breast & colon cancer
• haemorrhoids
  

Front 12

Action Potential

Back 12

AT Rest

• more potassium (K)inside cell, more sodium (Na) outside cell
• not allowed to move freely
• maintains a negative charge

Stimulus

• a neuron or sense opens the gate at one end of neuron
• Na starts entering cell
• cell starts having a positive charge
• domino affect along cell
• depolarization of cell membrane
• THE positive charge is the message

ACTION potential arrives

• vesicle travels to cell membrane and releases neurotransmitter
• in the synapse attaches to a receptor
  

Front 13

Key Neurotransmitters & function

Back 13

1. Epinephrine - stress responce
2. norepinephrine -less intense
3. acetylcholine - motor & memory
4. dopamine - attention, concentration, control movement
5. serotonin - satisfaction
   

Front 14

Negative feedback loop

Back 14

• sense perception
• afferent
• interneuron
• efferent
• efferent organ
  (somatic or autonomic)
  

Front 15

What is supposed to be readily permeable to blood-brain barrier

Back 15

• water
• glucose
• some amino acids (make neurotrans)
  

Front 16

Neural/nervous nutrients

Back 16

• amino acids & EFA = brain building blocks
• sodium = usually enough unless dehydrated
• calcium & magnessium = conductivity
• B Vitamins = myelin sheath, conductivity
  

Front 17

Endocrine functions

Back 17

• co-ordinate and direct the body's cells
• long-term process (vs instant of CNS)
• growth and development
• metabolism
• reproduction
• body defences
• homeostasis
  

Front 18

endocrine vs exocrine

Back 18

end = in to the blood

exo = in to the body cavity

Front 19

main steroid hormones / attach

Back 19

• cholesterol
• sex hormone
• adrenal hormones
• binds to cells DNA
  

Front 20

Main non-steroidal hormones /attach

Back 20

• amino acids
• insulin
• parathyroid
• bind to receptors on membrane
  

Front 21

Lipid metabolism

Back 21

• bile = emulsify
• lipase = breakdown to monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids
• Lymphatic lacteels absorb monoG and FA
• blood absorbs glyverol, short-chain FA
  

Front 22

liver decides to do 3 things with nutrients

Back 22

1. Use for self
2. Store
3. release to body
   

Front 23

specific vs non-specific immunity

Back 23

non = from birth, mother

specific = acquired, memory

Front 24

3 levels of immune defence

Back 24

1. physical barrier
2. destructive cells
3. Immune system
   

Front 25

physical barrier defence

Back 25

• anything that traps
• mucus memberanes
• skin
• tears
• earwax
• HCl
• sweat
• saliva
  

Front 26

2nd - detructive cell barrier

Back 26

• phagocytic macrophages
• antimicrobrial
• inflammatory cascas
• natural killer cells
• fever
  

Front 27

3rd - immune

Back 27

• antigen specific
• memory - later targeted response by lymphocytes (B and T cells) and nacrophages
  

Front 28

lymphatic system

Back 28

• drains extra fluid
• returns leaked plasma & proteins to blood
• removes bacteria, wastes, toxins
• defends and cleanses
• sites of surveillance for immune system
• defends & cleanses
  

Front 29

cell theory

Back 29

what happens at a cellular level correlates to what happens on macro level

cells need nutrients, oxygen, to eat and excrete

Front 30

cell functions

Back 30

1. growth
2. make proteins
3. protection
4. nutrient storage
5. division
6. create energy
7. movement
8. control/info gathering
9. connect - structure, connective, bones
   

Front 31

3 types of energy production

Back 31

1. Aerobic (1:32)
2. Anaerobic (1:2)
3. ADP Phosphorylation (1:1) / creatine
   

Front 32

Muscle contraction

Back 32

• acetylcholine - chemical message from nerves
• stimulus = action potential
• calcium release is caused
• contraction begins
• sarcomere filaments walk towards each other
• calcium recaptured = reduced
• muscle/sarcomere release
• 
  

i.e. rigamorteous - no ATP to recapture calcium so muscles do not release until calcium disapates

Front 33

body tissue definition

Back 33

cells that perform the same function

Front 34

3 types of junctions

Back 34

1. adhesive = strong but fluid (protein connect)
2. tight junction = barrier (selective permeable)
3. gap junction = communication
   (heart, smooth muscles, nervous)
   

Front 35

Tissue Repair

Back 35

1. Regeneration - replaced damage cells
2. Fibrosis - dense connective tissue, scar

• capillaries become perm
  - flush area with nutrients and oxygen
• arterials constrict
  - stop blood loss
• granulated tissue forms
  - cell layer repair under injury
• surface epithelium regenerates
• Fibrosis
  - fibrin, collagen, connective tissue give structure; less flexible and organized = scar
  

Front 36

2 stages of protein synthesis

Back 36

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Front 37

Transcription basic steps

Back 37

• takes place inside nucleus
• a section of DNA unwinds and unzips
  (packing for vacation vs. all your clothes)
• mRNA reads one side of unzipped DNA
• pairs match up (A+U / G+C)
• DNA rezips
• mRNA exits nucleis
  

Front 38

Translation basic steps

Back 38

• mRNA goes to ribosomes
• ribosomes read code
• ribosomes bring tRNA with anti-codon
• matches amino acid
  

Front 39

Damages DNA

Back 39

• free radicals
• pollution
• heavy metals
• radiation
  

Front 40

Replication & Tumous

Back 40

• DNA prone to errors due to sheer volume
• enzymes to catch and remove errors
• exposure to damaging factors build up over time
• nutrition - missing enzymes and cofactors
• Tumours = no housekeeping, errors not being removed therefore duplicate and proliferate
  

Front 41

DNA nitrogen bases + RNA variant

Back 41

Purine

Adenine

Guanine

Pyrimidine

Cytosine

THymine

RNA

Uracil

Front 42

Skin NUtrients

Back 42

• antioxidants A, C,E, Selenium, Zinc
• B Vitamins
• EFA
  

Front 43

nail signs

Back 43

• white spots = copper or zinc deficit
• vertical ridges = low HCL
• horiz ridges = heavy metal
• furrow = trauma during growth
  

Front 44

Tissue ability to regenerate

Back 44

Depends on type of tissue, severity, resources

1. epithelial - easily if well nourished
2. connective - if adequate blood supply or scar
3. muscle - poor, cardiac mostly scar
4. nerves - poor to none
   

Front 45

Hormone production stimulated 3 ways

Back 45

1. hormonal - pituitary release TSH
2. Humoral - fluids in body carry monitors
3. Neurol - Sympathetic nervous stimulates adrenals
   

Front 46

nutritional triad

Back 46

1. eat - building blocks
2. digest - need to breakdown
3. absorb - not absorb= not benefit
   

Front 47

signs how well absorbing nutrients

Back 47

good choices in journal but:

• energy level
• physical appearance "shiny coat"
• inflammation
• gas, bloating, gerd
• allergies
  

Front 48

why minerals like calcium & iron hard to absorb

why HCL helps

Back 48

• calcium/iron have positive charges
• so does intestinal lining
• like repel likes
• stomach producing enough acid = minerals pick up extra positive charge
• can then bind with protein
• easily absorbed
  

Front 49

unfolding protein

Back 49

1. food enters stomach
2. raises HCL
3. HCL unfolds protein
4. activates pepsinogen to pepsin
5. triggers more pepsinogen to be released
6. food level reduces
7. HCl and pepsinogen decrease
   

Front 50

sign bad protein digest

Back 50

• smelly poop and gas
  

Front 51

hard tummy?

Back 51

• stomach still reacting to irritation
• we stop hearing feedback - "shock"
• reaction stops but the irritation
• lack of reaction but can be seen in allergies, acne, arthritis
  

Front 52

HCL supplement or not

Back 52

Will it stimulate or replace stomach function?
Will pepsinogen, mucus, intrinsic factor respond?

• HCL supplements to get them kick started
• transition to food stimulations
• bitters, apple cider vinegar, fermented foods
• even coffee - but not if gerd
  

Front 53

how can pancreas become fatigued and depleted

Back 53

• poor food choices require extra work
• lack of dietary food enzymes
• poor digestion in mouth & stomach requires extra work by pancreas to pick up the slack
  

Front 54

problem relying on pancreas

Back 54

• alkaline process versus acidic
• slow - food slow leaving stomach
• completion - less complete - malabsorption and immune responce
• constipation - mouth/stomach/HCL stimulate peristalsis and elimination functions
  

Front 55

too much fat interferes with

Back 55

• liver
• red blood cell function
  

Front 56

intestinal flora benefits

Back 56

• make b vitamins
• make vitamin k
• make lactic acid - digest, absorb, peristalsis
• heal large intestine
• hinder 'bad' bacteria
• die-off bulks up stool
• supports immune system
  

Front 57

chronic inflammation cycle

Back 57

• irritant
• inflammation
• more blood to area
• try to flush away irritant (WBC, nutrients)
• if irritant produced faster than flushing
• chronic inflammation
• disease state - "it is" (eg colitis)
• pores of intestine enarge
• incomplete food passes through
• triggers allergies
• immune response

Front 58

problem with just using anti-inflammatory drugs

Back 58

• inflammation part of immune responce
• chronic = chronic irritant
• drugs treat inflammation - not cause
• so protective quality reduced, irritant persists = increased damage, illness
  

Front 59

toxic gallbladder sign

Back 59

• overworked liver leaks toxins in to gallbladder and duedenomun
• feel worse after eating
• "hot spot" like ulcer but lower
• migraines
• chronic neck problems
• knee problems
• skin problems
  

Front 60

cortisol and inflammation cycle

Back 60

• for chronic stress and inflammation
• at first weight loss, then resource storage
• reduces inflammation (not irritant)
• needs stronger and stronger over time
• suppresses immune responce
• ultimately inflammation rises in order to be heard
  

Front 61

blood stream and mucus

Back 61

• toxins in blood stream
• membranes secrete mucus
• if not drained quickly, congestion
• reduces circulation
• reduces nutrient delivery
• prone to problems
• expecially if waste removal slowed
  

Front 62

lymph overload & T-Cells

Back 62

• loose control over T-Cell
• Underactive = yeast, worms, fungus
• Overactive = attack body itself - AI
  RA = WBC attack joints
• dramatic reverses when lymphatic function regained
  

Front 63

WBC nutrients

Back 63

• Vit A, C, zinc
• Sugar paralyzes
  

Front 64

disacharides

Back 64

• sucrose (glucose+fructose)
• lactose (glucose+galactose)
• maltose (glucose+glucose
• need enzymes to break down for absorption
  

Front 65

monosacharides

Back 65

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose
• glucose absorbed immediately
• fructose & galactose can be absorbed immediately or stored as glycogen
  

Front 66

polysacharide

Back 66

• starch
• complex carbohydrates
• need enzymes = glucose
  

Front 67

3 or more signs of metabolic syndrome

Back 67

1. High fasting blood glucose (+5.6)
2. High blood pressure (130/85)
3. High triglycerides (+1.7)
4. Low HCL (-1.0)
5. Abdominal obesity (102cm/135)

Front 68

Insulin resistance affects

Back 68

• weight gain (insulin builds fat for glucose)
• higher blood pressure
• cardio vascular disease
• higher cholesterol & triglycerides
• = more rrsistance

Front 69

Reactive hypoglycemia

Back 69

• hangry
• over react to big carb challenge
• big carb load = big insulin response
• too fast drop in blood glucose level
• liver/adrenal compensation

Front 70

Metabolic syndrome recs

Back 70

• 30 min exercise
• diet - GI index counts, less simple sugars
• chromium - enhances insulin binding
• enough fibr
• magnesium + correct deficiency improves glucose tolerance
• b vitamins
• green tea

Front 71

Enzyme needed for omega 6 or 3 conversion

Back 71

Delta-6-desaturase (D6D)

Front 72

D6D co-factors

Back 72

Magnessium and zinc

Front 73

Kidney functions

Back 73

• heart beat
• blood pressure
• fluid balance
• Better to raise potassium than reduce sodium

Front 74

Term for red blood cell formation

Back 74

Hematopoiesis

Front 75

Where RBC formation take place

Back 75

• red marrow
• flat bones
• skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum,
• proximal epiphanies humerus, femur