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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Overall function of immune system
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resist/eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials, debris or abnormal cells in the body
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4 immune activities
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1. defense against invading pathogens 2. removal of worn out cells and tissue debris 3. identification and destruction of abnormal or mutant cells originating in the body 4. inappropriate immune responses leading to allergies or autoimmune diseases |
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5 effector cells
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neutrophils - phagocytic, engulf/destroy bacteria eosinophils - secrete chemicals that destroy parasitic worms...involved in allergic reactions basophils - release histamine (inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulation)...involved in allergic reaction lymphocytes - responsible for adaptive immune response...B lymphocytes become plasma cells and secrete antibodies that indirectly leads to destruction of invaders...T lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity involving direct destruction of cells by nonphagocytic means monocytes - phagocytic, transform into macrophages in tissues to phagocytize foreign material/debris |
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what is chemotaxis
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chemical cues leukocytes are drawn to a site of infection this way |
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almost all leukocytes originate from...
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stem cells in the bone marrow and are then released into the blood
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leukocytes are capable of...
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extravasation and exit the blood vessels between cells
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innate vs adaptive
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innate (nonspecific) - first line of defense, nonselectively defend, use tears skin HCl and mucus, phagocytosis, interferons, fever, natural killer cells adaptive (specific) -selective attack, antibody and cell mediated immunity, lymphocytes,antigens, |
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neutrophils are not found...? first to leave blood vessels through...during invasion...short or long lived?
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healthy tissues...extravasation...short lived
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monocytes are fast or slow?
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slow
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what is phagocytosis
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method for engulfment and breakdown of foreign particles and tissue debris...surrounded with pseudopods that close around it forming a vacuole which fuses w/ a lysosome for breakdown of the particle...contributes to inflammation
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what do endotoxins cause?
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an increase in body temperature (fever)
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natural killer cells
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nonspecifically destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells immediately upon contact
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complement system
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consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form. function in recognition, activation and attack of cellular invader.
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2 pathways under complement system
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classic - initiated by exposure to antibodies attached to the antigen of a cellular foreign invader alternative - initiated by exposure to particular carbohydrate chains found on surface of bacterial cells - innate response |
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3 effects of other complement fragments
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chemotaxis (attracts phagocytic cells to site) opsonization (marks for phagocytosis, enhances) stimulation of inflammation (triggers release of histamine) |
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t cells mature in
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thymus
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b cells mature in
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bone marrow
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2 types of responses for adaptive immunity
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antibody mediated immunity (B) cell mediated immunity (T) |
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antigens identify 2 differences
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self or foreign
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what are antigens?
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large complex molecules
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what are haptens
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small organic molecules that only become antigens if and when they attach to body proteins once inside
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killer T cells activated by helper T cells activated by |
class 1 MHC molecules class 2 |
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3 subpopulations of T lymphocytes from thymus
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killer cells (destroy) helper cells (enhance activity) regulatory cells (suppress production and activity) |
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IgG
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circulation
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IgM
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first antibodies
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IgE
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allergic reaction
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IgA
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external secretions
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IgD
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antigen receptor prior to exposure
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what is neutralization
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where antibodies combine with toxins or viruses, preventing them from interacting with cells and causing harm
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what is agglutination (precipitation)
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when multiple antibodies cross link multiple antigen molecules forming clumps
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3 functions of salicylates
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decreases histamine release results in reduction in swelling, redness, pain reduces fever and pain by inhibiting prostaglandin production |
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4 functions of glucocorticoids
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suppresses the inflammatory adaptive immune response destroys lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue reduces antibody production good for allergic reactions of arthritis, but also reduces body's ability to resist infection |
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(inflammation) what are redness and warmth caused by? swelling? pain? pus? fever?
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vasodilation, increase blood flow increase capillary permeability causing increase interstitial colloid osmotic pressure tissue damage and prostaglandin release accumulation of living and dead leukocytes, bacteria and excess tissue fluid endogenous pyrogens |
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2 types of B cells what their functions
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plasma cells - produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to that antigen that stimulated it..copies memory cells - look like the original B cell and become important in active immunity |
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primary response vs secondary response
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primary - first exposure, slow response, not sufficient in disease defense secondary - later exposure, rapid response, sufficient to prevent disease |
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what is active immunity?
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how the body creates a memory to a particular pathogen that renders the person ready for quick action upon reexposure to that same antigen...relatively lasts for a long time, sometimes for life |
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2 types of active immunity
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natural (exposure to antigen) artificial (vaccination) |
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what is passive immunity?
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individual receives antibodies that were produced actively in the body of another human or other animal donor...recipient is protected for a time even though they have not had prior exposure to that antigen effectiveness is short term |
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which type of immunity is immediate?
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passive
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which type of immunity have no memory to original antigen?
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passive
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types of passive immunity
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natural - passed to fetus through placenta (IgG), passed to newborn through mother's milk (IgA) artificial - immunotherapy: antiserum or antitoxin from animal gamma globulin and immune serum globulins from donor blood |
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what antibodies and antigens does type A blood have? B? AB? O?
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A - A antigens, B antibodies B - B antigens, A antibodies AB - AB antigens, neither A or B antibodies O - neither A or B antigens, AB antibodies |
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what does Rh+ and Rh- mean?
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Rh+ means that the RBC has the Rh antigen on it Rh- means there is no Rh antigen present on the RBCs |
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what is the universal donor type?
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O-
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what is the universal recipient type?
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AB+
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what is hypersensitivity?
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an allergy: acquisition of an inappropriate adaptive immune response to a normally harmless environmental substance (allergen, which can be either an antigen or hapten)
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2 types of allergies
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immediate hypersensitivity delayed hypersensitivity |
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what is immediate hypersensitivity
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response occurs within 20mins caused by abnormal B lymphocyte response stimulate IgE antibodies mast cells and basophils produce histamines to stimulate tear and mucus production allergen enters body and attatches to IgE antibodies (mucus and tears) and leaves body |
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what is delayed hypersensitivity
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takes 1-3 days to develop caused by abnormal T cell response T cells give rise to tissue damage and inflammation treatment: anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids) |
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what are auto immune diseases?
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caused by the failure of the immune system to recognize and tolerate certain self antigens B cells produce autoantibodies and/or formation of autoreactive T cells...these cells attack self anitgens and self cells |
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2 primary functions of the digestive system
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digestion and absorption digestion: carbs>simple sugars, proteins>amino acids, lipids>fatty acids, glycerol absorption: movement of monomers and other nutrients into blood supply for transport and use |
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4 layers of GI tract
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mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa |
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where does peristalsis take place?
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muscularis
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long tubular system open to the environment at each end
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GI tract
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what is deglutition
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swallowing of the bolus
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what is deglutition followed by
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peristalsis by the esophagus
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what prevents regurgitation
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the lower esophageal sphincter at the termination of the esophagus
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functions of the stomach
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store and churns food w/ secretions initiation of protein digestion kills bacteria with its strong acidity moves food into small intestine as chyme |
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rugae?
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folds of the stomach
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5 cells found in gastric glands
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parietal cells - HCl mucus cells - mucus G cells - gastrin D cells - somatostatin chief cells - pepsinogen |
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3 phases of the gastric regulation
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cephalic, gastric, intenstinal
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protection of mucosa from Hcl
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secretion of alkaline bicarbonate containing mucus from mucus cells impermeability of cells to HCl tight junctions between cells to prevent leakage of HCl into the submucosa rapid rate of cell division for cell replacement prostaglandin induced protective effects |
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Function of HCl
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this denatures the proteins making them more easily digestible this causes the pepsinogen to self digest into pepsin produces acidic conditions (pH optimum) for pepsin to begin digestion of proteins by hydrolysis |
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functions of the small intestine
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digestion of proteins, fats and carbs absorption of their products water, electrolytes, vitamins and bile salts |
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3 folds in the small intestine
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plicae circulares villi microvilli |
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functions of the large intestine
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no digestion occurs absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamins production of vitamin k and folic acid formation, storage, and expulsion of feces |
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how much fluid enters the GI tract each day and how much is excreted in feces?
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7-9 liters...200ml
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what is defecation
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built up pressure causes relaxation of internal sphincter and urge of defecate ext anal sphincter voluntarily relaxed, material moved into anal canal longitudinal rectal muscles contract along with abdominal and pelvic muscles pushing feces into anal canal |
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functions of liver
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bile production and secretion metabolic processing of major nutrients after absorption from digestive tract storage of glycogen, fats, iron and vitamins detoxification of body waste, hormones and drugs removal of bacteria and worn out red blood cells production of plasma proteins |
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what is enterohepatic circulation?
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recirculation system bw liver and intestines that uses bile ducts and the hepatic portal vein as transport systems
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main function of galbladder
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stores excess bile produced by the liver
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does the pancreas and endocrine or exocrine functions?
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both
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what are the functions
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exocrine function: produce and secrete pancreatic juice into the pancreatic duct
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what is pancreatic juice
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bunch of enzymes in an aqueous alkaline solution
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what are the 3 main forms of carbohydrates?
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starch, sucrose and lactose
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bacteria and worn out red blood cells are carried out by the liver by
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resident phagocytic macrophages
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what are hepatocytes? hepatic plates? sinusoids? kupffer cells?
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hepatocytes (liver cells) form hepatic plates which are 1-2 cells thick that are separated by sinusoids...sinusoids are highly permeable and lines with fixed phagocytic kupffer cells
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what is the enterohepatic circulation
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recirculation system between the liver and intestines that uses bile ducts and hepatic portal vein as transport systems
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what is bile made up of
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bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, inorganic ions bilirubin, and other wastes
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how can you detoxify blood?
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chemical alteration of molecules by hepatocytes phagocytosis by kupffer cells excretion into the bile for removal |
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this is basically a bunch of enzymes in an aqueous alkaline solution...contains water, bicarbonate ions, digestive enzymes including amalase, trypsin and lipase
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pancreatic juice
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most pancreatic enzymes are produced as inactive molecules called
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zymogens
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innate immune responses
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tears, mucus, HCl in stomach, ciliated epithelium, alpha and beta cells (interferons), inflammation, fever, natural killer cells, complement system (classic and alternative pathways), phagocytosis
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how does MAC destroy cells
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form donut shaped membrane attack complex or pore in membrane that allows water to rush in a bust the cell
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3 other complement fragments
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chemotaxis (attracts phagocytic cells to site) opsonization (marks for phagocytosis, enhances phagocytosis by formation of bridges between the phagocyte and invader) stimulation of inflammation (triggers release of histamine from mast cells and basophils...histamine increases blood flow to area via vasodilation and increased capillary permeability) |
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autoimmune diseases
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failure of immune system to recognize and tolerate self antigens
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fever is an increase in body temp caused by endotoxins which are chemicals released by bacteria and viruses hat stimulate macrophages to release endogenous pyrogens such as interleukin 1B
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2 ways to control inflammation
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salicylates reduce fever and pain by inhibiting prostaglandin production decreases histamine release results in reduction of swelling, redness, pain glucocorticoids supporesses inflammatory adaptive immune reponse destroys lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue reduces antibody production good for allergic reactions or arthritis, also reduces body's ability to resist infection |
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