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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 components of cartilage and bone?
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cells
fibers ground substance |
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cartilage:
cells: -all types of cartilage are comprised of cells called ..., which occupy ... which are located within the matrix |
chondrocytes
lacunae |
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Cartilage:
The cells contain ..., an integral membrane protein that binds to GAGs and collagen. -Mediates the adherence of chodrocytes to the extracellular matrix (ECM). |
chondronectin
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fibronectin is found in ..., chondronectin is found in ...
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soft connective tissue
cartilage |
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During growth of cartilage, chondrocytes have a large ..., a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles containing a flocculent material.
These features indicate the occurence of what? |
Golgi complex
protein synthesis, making fibers, matrix, etc. |
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cartilage:
Chondrocytes produce protein, collagen fibers and ... (e.g., chondroitin sulfate). |
ground substance
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cartilage: basic structure:
... - located within the matrix of cartilage ... - pool the cells are sitting in ... - part of the extracellular matrix that surrounds the lacunae (basophilic staining) ... - stains more like collagen fibers (acidophilic). Collagen located more densly here ... - where 2 cells are sharing parts of territorial matrix (can get up to 8 cells). ... - connective tissue surrounding the cartilage |
chondrocytes
lacunae territorial matrix interterritorial matrix isogenous groups perichondrium |
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Two methods of growth of cartilage:
... growth - Chondrogenic cells – a reserve population of mesenchymal cells that haven’t fully differentiated. (have the potential of becoming chondrocytes. Will migrate towards cartilage. Cartilage cells coming from the outside. ... growth – when growth comes from within the tissue. when it comes from preexisting chondrocytes and just divides. Simple mitosis. Isogenous groups. 2 nuclei in one lacunae. |
Appositional
Interstitial |
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embryonic development of cartilage:
mesenchymal cells form a ... (a group of mesenchymal cells coming together and undergoing rapid division. These undifferentiated cells divide and differentiate into “...” cells. They then further differentiate into ..., which create the initial ECM. When these ... become surrounded by the ECM and are in the lacuna, they are now known as ... (cells with lacunae around them) |
mesenchymal condensation
chondrogenic chondroblasts chondroblasts chondrocytes |
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interstitial growth:
Active chondrocytes within the cartilaginous mass can undergo mitosis. Each daughter cell produces fibers and ground substance around itself so that the cartilage expands from within the matrix (interstitial growth). * Groups of these daughter cells which arise from a common chondrocyte retain a close relationship and form .... |
isogenous groups
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Isogenous groups indicate that ... is taking place
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interstitial growth
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Chondrogenic cells located in the perichondrium surrounding the cartilage can migrate into the cartilaginous matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes by
.... |
appositional
growth |
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ground substance:
Principal component is ... They are acidic proteoglycans that are responsible for the ... staining of the matrix. |
chondroitin sulfates
basophilic |
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ground substance:
The basophilia of the ground substance is greater in the area immediately surrounding the lacunae (...). This area contains few collagen fibrils. The ... located outside the territorial matrix contains a greater number of collagen fibrils. |
territorial matrix
interterritorial matrix |
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cartilage is made up of mainly ..., usually either type 1 (fibril) or type 2 (hyaline).
... is the more predominant one used in cartilage. Glycosaminoglycans with their linker proteins (known as ... all together) interact with the collagen fibers and hold them in place. Help maintain rigid structure. |
collagen
hyaline proteoglycan |
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There are 3 types of cartilage found in the body:
... (bridge of nose, articular disks), ... (ears, epiglottis), ... (intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis) |
hyaline
elastic fibrocartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage:
Found on articular surfaces of bones, on the sternal ends of ribs, in the trachea and larynx, in the nose, in the external auditory meatus and in the fetal skeleton. Cells: Chondrocytes. Hyaline cartilage grows by what type of growth? |
both interstitial and appositional growth
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Hyaline cartilage has ... around it. Can grow by both appositional and interstitial growth. But it doesn’t ... itself very well.
Fibers: about 40% of the dry weight of hyaline cartilage is collagen type ... |
perichondrium
repair 2 |
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Hyaline cartilage:
Type II collagen are fine fibrils (100 - 200 nm diameter) which form an ... in the matrix. Ground substance: mainly ... |
interlacing network
chondroitin sulfates (type 4 and 6) |
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elastic cartilage:
Found in the larynx, external ear (auricle), auditory tube and epiglottis. Cells: ... are located in lacunae, similar to those seen in hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage grows by what type of growth? contains perichondrium Bone can ... a lot better than cartilage can. Fibers: In addition to collagenous fibers, elastic cartilage contains a meshwork of ... that give the cartilage a yellow appearance in the living state. |
-Chondrocytes
-both interstitial and appositional growth -regenerate -elastic fibrils |
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elastic cartilage:
The fibrils are more heavily concentrated in the ... of the cartilage mass than near the .... |
center
perichondrium |
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elastic cartilage:
The presence of ... gives this cartilage type more flexibility than hyaline or fibrocartilage. Ground substance – principally ... |
elastic fibers
chondroitin sulfates |
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fibrocartilage:
Found in intervertebral discs, articular discs, symphysis pubis and at the insertions of tendons and ligaments. It is the only cartilage type not surrounded by a ... Cells: chondrocytes are oriented between large collagenous fiber bundles or appear singly in an isolated fashion within lacunae. grows by ... growth and grows in a linear direction |
perichondrium
interstitial |
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fibrocartilage:
Fibers - an abundance of collagen type # fibrils that are visible in routine preparations. -form perpendicular to each other (herringbone pattern) -ideal in places undergoing stretching and compression |
1
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A common characteristic of all types of cartilage is the absence of ... running within it.
Therefore, the chondrocytes must receive nutritive substances from blood vessels in the connective tissue surrounding the cartilage by ... through the ground substance. |
capillaries
diffusion |
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If you damage cartilage and wound healing occurs, it will be replaced by ... tissue. (can have transformation from cartilage to ...)
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bony
bone |
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The perichondrium consists of two layers:
Inner cellular layer consisting of ... cells that, in young cartilage, contribute to the ... growth of cartilage. Outer fibrous layer consisting of densely woven collagenous fibers and blood vessels. In adult cartilage, the ... layer is the only layer that is apparent. |
chondrogenic
appositional fibrous |
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Cartilage can undergo ... with age (similar to endochondral bone formation). (due to increased O2 levels in area)
Deficiencies in the supply of precursors, minerals, and vitamins A, C and D can lead to abnormal growth and maturation of cartilage. Abnormal production of ... by the anterior pituitary gland, thyroxin by the thyroid, testosterone and estrogen by the gonads, and cortisone by the adrenal glands can also produce abnormal growth of cartilage. |
calcification
growth hormone |
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Bone is the most rigid form of the connective tissues.
It forms the skeleton, provides support and protection for vital organs (e.g., brain, heart and lungs). It's also a site of storage for ... cells Serves for the attachment of muscles and encloses the marrow cavity where blood development occurs.. |
progenitor
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Bone is similar to cartilage in that:
1. it is a firm tissue 2. its cells are located in ... 3. It has an intercellular matrix possessing a protein-polysaccharide rich ground substance containing ... 4. it contains collagen fibrils (mainly type #) |
lacunae
chondroitin sulfate 1 |
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bone differs from cartilage in that:
... are deposited in the bone matrix Its cells can not receive nutrients by diffusion through the inorganic matrix (they depend on communication through blood) ... link the lacunae and serve as a means for the passage of nutrients (extend from one cell to the next) The collagen fibrils are organized into ... Bone grows only ... (will only grow from outside. you will never find isogenous groups) |
Inorganic salts
Canaliculi lamellae appositionally |
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the ... of the osteon contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
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central (haversian) canal
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... all begin at the central canal, and they go from one lacunae to the next.
The reason osteons only get to a certain size is because the nutrients and oxygen can only diffuse so far. CO2 and waste products go ... the haversion canal, while O2 and nutrients go ... the haversion canal |
canaliculi
towards away from |
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Cells called ..., occupy lacunae and are somewhat evenly distributed throughout the bone tissue.
The cells conform to the shape of the lacunae and send processes into canaliculi, where they form ... (communicating junctions through pores) with the processes of adjacent cells. |
osteocytes
gap junctions |
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Cannaliculi does not contain any ...
It only contains the processes of ... Blood vessels in central canal give off capillaries. |
blood vessels
osteocytes |
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what type of bone is this?
-dense and solid -osteons much closer together |
compact bone
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what type of bone is this?
-irregular, thin plates = trabeculae -can only go so far as cannaliculi can support them. |
spongy bone
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where is bone marrow located?
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In the cavity of the trabeculae
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osteons are long cylinders
blood vessels are located in the ... of the bone (...) |
center
haversion canal |
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Young osteocytes in the formative phase (...), have a well developed ... complex, many cisternae of ... ER and numerous ...
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osteoblasts
Golgi rough mitochondria |
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Osteoblasts:
These cells produce ... The un-calcified ... made by these immature osteocytes is called ... ("like bone") |
bone matrix
bone matrix osteoid |
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Mature osteocytes have many ..., but a decrease in the number of other organelles listed above for osteoblasts.
A flocculent material of broken down matrix surrounds the cell and separates it from the matrix that is partially decalcified. |
lysosomes
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fibers:
Collagen fibers embedded in ground substance (... sulfates and ... sulfate, and glycoproteins, including sialoprotein and osteocalcin which both bind calcium avidly). |
chondroitin 4- and 6-
keratan |
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... fibers gives tensile strength and resiliency to bone.
-it's where bone gets its tensile strength from. (the hardness of bones comes from inorganic salts) |
Collagen
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The collagenous fibers within a lamella are oriented in the same plane; fibers in adjacent lamellae are oriented at ... to these.
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right angles
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... forms most of the organic portion of bone matrix.
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Chondroitin sulfates
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ground substance:
The inorganic component is primarily ... crystals. The ground substance also contains calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, citrate, magnesium and sodium. These calcium phosphate crystals form in and around matrix vesicles produced by young ... |
calcium hydroxyapatite
osteocytes |
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Bone is a great place for the storage of ....
If your body is low in calcium, it will look for replacement from your bone. If calcium levels are too high, it could get stored in bone. |
ions
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ground substance:
Besides giving strength to bone, the ... ions in bone matrix is a convenient storage depot of essential ions for the body. |
inorganic
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Spongy Bone:
Spicules and trabeculae consist of several ... Since the canalicular system can only provide nurients to osteocytes within .2 mm from the blood supply, trabeculae and spicule are usually not more than 0.4 mm in thickness |
lamellae
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Organization of lamellae:
Compact bone - consists of: (1) ... lamellae arranged in Haversian systems, (2) ... lamellae between the Haversian systems, and ... units of 5 - 15 concentric lamellae which surround a central Haversian canal. Each lamellae is 3 to 7 μm in thickness and its fibers run in a spiral fashion around the canal. |
concentric
Interstitial Cylindrical |
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The Haversian canal contains capillaries, venules, lymphatic vessels and a ... connective tissue containing osteoprogenitor cells.
Haversian canals are oriented in the ... axis of the bone. |
loose
long |
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... canals (run perpendicular to long axis of bone) are vascular channels that connect the Haversian system with the blood vessels in the periosteum.
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Volkmann's
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... Lamellae are remnants of Haversian systems that were partially resorbed.
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Interstitial
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... lamellae lie next to the periosteum and oriented parallel to it. *
... lamellae lie next to the endosteum. |
Outer circumferential
Inner circumferential |
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bone coverings and linings:
... - Dense fibrous covering of bone. Some of the coarse collagenous fibers extend into the bone as ... fibers which help to anchor tendons and ligaments. |
Periosteum
Sharpey's |
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Periosteum:
In young growing bones and in older bones after trauma, an ... (osteogenic) layer of the periosteum is found deep to the fibrous layer The spindle-shaped osteoprogenitor cells (containing a small amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a poorly developed Golgi complex) of this highly vascularized layer can differentiate into ... that produce new bone. |
inner cellular
osteoblasts |
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bone coverings and linings:
what is this? -consists of a fine reticular connective tissue containing osteoprogenitor cells which in young bone may be transformed into osteoblasts. -Lining of the bone surface facing the marrow and also of trabeculae |
Endosteum
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Endosteum:
Enters ... canals and continues to cover ... canals |
perforating (Volkman)
central |
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Reorganization of bone: bones are extremely ... organs.
They respond to changes in weight, posture and other mechanical stresses by changing their internal architecture. |
dynamic
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Since bones are depots for ions used by the body, bony salts are constantly removed from, and deposited into bone ...
In order for these processes to occur, bone must be resorbed and reformed. |
matrix
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what are the 2 types of resorption processes?
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osteocytic osteolysis
osteoclastic osteolysis |
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...: The osteocytes produce proteolytic enzymes which break down osteoid material and demineralize new osseous tissues.
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Osteocytic Osteolysis
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... - cells that sit mainly on the inner surface of the endosteum and can break down bone by release of hydrolytic enzymes and acid.
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Osteoclastic Osteolysis
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what is this?
-Large multinucleated cells with acidophilic cytoplasm that occupy Howship's lacunae etched, by enzymatic action, into the surface of bone that is being resorbed. -Vacuolated, contain numerous free polyribosomes, some rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well developed Golgi complex, and many lysosomes that produce proteolytic enzymes responsible for the dissolution of bone matrix and cytoplasmic vacuoles. -These cells secrete acids, collagenase and other proteolytic enzymes. Protons are released by the acid to help dissolve the matrix. |
osteoclasts
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osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of ...
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monocytes
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... hormone - stimulates osteocytic osteolysis, indirectly induces osteoclast activity, accelerates bone remodeling and increases blood calcium levels.
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Parathyroid
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... - inhibits bone resorption and lowers blood calcium levels.
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Calcitonin
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... hormone - growth of bone.
... and ... hormones - maturation of bone. |
Growth
Thyroid and gonadal |
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... - needed so that calcium and phosphorus can be absorbed in the intestines.
Lack of ... in children leads to rickets, in adults to osteomalacia. Much osteoid is formed, but it can not be mineralized. |
Vitamin D
vitamin D |
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... - needed for collagen and bone matrix production. Lack of this leads to condition of scurvy.
... - maintains the rate of growth of bone. |
Vitamin C
Vitamin A |
