Exam 5-Chpt 27,28,29

Front 1

Parts of scrotum

Back 1

1. spermatic cord

a. pampiniform plexus: network of veins that helps cool arterial blood

2. cremaster muscle: strips of internal oblique muscle that help regulate testicular temperature

3. dartos muscle (tunica dartos): subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle that helps regulate testicular temperature

Front 2

coverings

Back 2

a. tunica vaginalis: saclike extension of the peritoneum

b. tunica albuginea: white fibrous capsule of testis itself

Front 3

seminiferous tubules

Back 3

site of sperm production

a. germ cells: in process of becoming sperm

b. sustentacular (Sertoli) cells: promote sperm development, form blood-testis barrier

Front 4

interstitial (Leydig) cells

Back 4

produce testosterone

Front 5

rete testis

Back 5

carry sperm out of seminiferous tubules

Front 6

dartos muscle (tunica dartos):

Back 6

subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle that helps regulate testicular temperature

Front 7

spermatic cord

Back 7

a. pampiniform plexus: network of veins that helps cool arterial blood

Front 8

cremaster muscle

Back 8

strips of internal oblique muscle that help regulate testicular temperature

Front 9

Pathway of sperm

Back 9

seminiferous tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ductules --> duct of the epididymis --> ductus (vas) deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra

Front 10

Accessory glands

Back 10

1. seminal vesicles:

2. prostate gland: secrete 30% of fluid in semen

3. bulbourethral (Cowper) glands:

Front 11

seminal vesicles:

Back 11

secrete 60% of fluid in semen, plus

a. fructose, to supply energy for sperm motility

b. fibrinogen, to cause semen to clot after ejaculation

c. prostaglandins, which stimulate peristaltic contractions of female reproductive tract, and reduce viscosity of cervical mucus

Front 12

prostate gland

Back 12

secrete 30% of fluid in semen

Front 13

bulbourethral (Cowper)

Back 13

secrete alkaline fluid prior to ejaculation

Front 14

Parts of penis

Back 14

1. erectile tissues
2. root =

3. shaft

4. glans =

Front 15

erectile tissues

Back 15

: contain blood sinuses called lacunae

a. corpus spongiosum: encloses penile urethra

b. corpus cavernosum: on dorsal side of penis, surrounded by tunica albuginea

Front 16

root

Back 16

internal part of penis

Front 17

glans

Back 17

external tip (covered by prepuce, or foreskin)

Front 18

Male sexual response
1st stage

Back 18

1. excitement: caused by efferent parasympathetic signals
a. deep artery of penis dilates, trabecular muscles of erectile tissues relax --> engorgement of erectile tissues --> erection
b. bulbourethral gland secretion

Front 19

hypothalamus begins producing GnRH --> anterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins (FSH and LH) -->

Back 19

a. LH --> testosterone secretion from interstitial cells

b. FSH --> ABP secretion from sustentacular cells

Front 20

effects of testosterone

Back 20

a. testosterone and ABP stimulate spermatogenesis

b. development of secondary sex characteristics

c. development of reproductive ducts and accessory glands

d. growth hormone secretion

e. erythropoiesis

f. sex drive

Front 21

Spermatogenesis

Back 21

primordial germ cells --> spermatogonia (diploid, multiply by mitosis) --> primary spermatocytes (diploid, undergo meiosis, genetic makeup changed through crossing over) --> secondary spermatocytes (haploid, undergo meiosis) --> spermatids (haploid, undergo spermiogenesis) --> spermatozoa

Front 22

Parts of spermatozoon
1. head

Back 22

a. acrosome: contains enzymes used to penetrate egg

b. nucleus: contains DNA

Front 23

Parts of spermatozoon
2. tail

Back 23

a. midpiece: contains mitochondria

b. principal piece

c. endpiece

Front 24

Parts of ovaries

coverings

Back 24

a. tunica albuginea: white fibrous capsule of ovary

Front 25

Parts of ovaries
cortex

Back 25

site of germ cell production

a. follicles

Front 26

Parts of ovaries

medulla

Back 26

contains major arteries, veins

Front 27

Parts of ovaries

Back 27

ovarian artery, vein, nerves

Front 28

Parts of uterine tubes (oviducts, fallopian tubes)

Back 28

Eggs moved by ciliated cells and smooth muscle contraction, nourished by secretory cells.
1. infundibulum = distal (ovarian) end

a. fimbriae: feathery projections

2. ampulla = middle part

3. isthmus = end near uterus

Front 29

Parts of uterus

Back 29

1. fundus = broad superior curvature

2. body = midportion

3. cervix = cylindrical inferior end

Front 30

Layers of uterine wall

Back 30

. perimetrium = external serosa

2. myometrium = middle muscular layer

3. endometrium = inner mucosa = simple columnar epithelium

a. stratum functionalis: shed in each menstrual period

b. stratum basalis: retained in each menstrual period

Front 31

Vagina

Back 31

birth canal

Front 32

Vulva

Back 32

external genitalia = pudendum

Front 33

mons pubis

Back 33

mound of adipose tissue over the pubic symphysis

Front 34

labia majora

Back 34

outer, thicker lips

Front 35

labia minora

Back 35

inner, thinner lips

Front 36

vestibule

Back 36

area enclosed by labia

Front 37

clitoris

Back 37

erectile tissue

Front 38

greater vestibular (Bartholin) gland

Back 38

supplies lubrication during intercourse

Front 39

Female sexual response
1ST STAGE

Back 39

1. excitement

a. uterus stands more vertically = tenting effect

b. vaginal transudate secreted

Front 40

hypothalamus begins producing GnRH --> anterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins (FSH and LH) --> development of ovarian follicles

Back 40

estrogen, progesterone secretion

Front 41

effects of estrogens

Back 41

a. metaplasia of vagina

b. stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs

c. stimulates growth hormone secretion

d. stimulates female fat deposition pattern

Front 42

effects of progesterone

Back 42

. prepares uterus for pregnancy

Front 43

Climacteric and menopause

Back 43

(= cessation of menstruation)

fewer remaining ovarian follicles with aging --> less estrogens and progesterone secreted --> uterus, vagina, and breasts atrophy

Front 44

Oogenesis

Back 44

primordial germ cells --> oogonia (diploid, multiply by mitosis) --> primary oocytes (diploid, undergo meiosis, genetic makeup changed through crossing over) --> secondary oocytes (haploid, undergo meiosis) --> zygote (if fertilized)

Front 45

Female sexual cycle

Back 45

averages 28 days in length) = ovarian cycle + menstrual cycle

Front 46

The activities of the ovaries and uterus are coordinated by negative and positive feedback responses involving the following hormones

Back 46

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from hypothalamus --> FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone, stimulates growth of ovarian follicles) and LH (luteinizing hormone, causes ovulation and development of the corpus luteum in the ovaries) from anterior pituitary --> estrogens and progesterone from ovaries --> endometrium of uterus maintained

Front 47

follicular phase in ovaries, proliferative phase in uterus

Back 47

decreased estrogen and progesterone from ovaries --> increased FSH and LH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback) --> some primordial follicles (contain primary oocytes) enlarge into primary follicles, then become secondary (antral) follicles --> granulosa cells secrete estrogens -->

a. --> decreased FSH and LH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback) --> smaller secondary follicles atrophy

b. --> endometrium thickens

Front 48

ovulation (around day 14 = middle of cycle)

Back 48

in largest secondary follicle, secretion of estrogens from granulosa cells --> increased FSH receptors --> follicle grows, becomes mature (Graafian) follicle, secretes more estrogens (positive feedback) --> increased LH secretion from anterior pituitary (positive feedback) --> increased blood flow into follicle, weakening of ovarian wall over follicle --> ovulation (secondary oocyte ejected from ovary)

Front 49

3. luteal phase in ovaries, secretory phase in uterus

Back 49

ruptured follicle at first produces less estrogen, but develops into corpus luteum under influence of LH --> increased estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum -->

a. --> endometrium thickens further with glycogen-rich tissue

Front 50

4. premenstrual and menstrual phases in uterus

Back 50

increased estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum --> decreased FSH and LH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback) --> corpus luteum atrophies (becomes corpus albicans) --> decreased estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum --> spiral arteries of endometrium constrict --> endometrium thins --> menstruation

Front 51

Maintenance of the endometrium during pregnancy

Back 51

1. During the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the corpus luteum is maintained by HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), which is secreted by part of the fertilized egg called the trophoblast (otherwise the corpus luteum atrophies, because LH levels are decreasing).

2. After the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the corpus luteum is maintained by estrogens and progesterone from the placenta. Estrogens also stimulate tissue growth in the fetus and mother.

Front 52

Adjustments to pregnancy

digestive

Back 52

a. morning sickness

b. constipation

c. enlarged uterus pressing upwards on stomach --> heartburn

d. increased metabolic rate

Front 53

Adjustments to pregnancy
circulatory

Back 53

a. increased blood volume

b. decreased venous return from lower limbs --> hemorrhoids, varicose veins

Front 54

.Adjustments to pregnancy

respiratory

Back 54

a. increased oxygen consumption, chemoreceptor sensitivity --> increased minute ventilation

Front 55

Adjustments to pregnancy
urinary

Back 55

a. increased urine output

b. uterus compresses bladder --> increased frequency of urination

Front 56

Adjustments to pregnancy
integumentary

Back 56

a. stretch marks (striae)

Front 57

Uterine contractions

Back 57

1. Braxton Hicks = weak contractions = false labor

2. labor contractions (positive feedback theory of labor)

a. stretching of cervix --> reflex contraction of uterus (positive feedback)

b. stretching of cervix --> increased OT release --> stronger contractions of uterus (positive feedback)

Front 58

Stages of labor

Back 58

1. dilation

2. expulsion

3. placental

Front 59

Lactation

Back 59

1. estrogens and progesterone --> development of mammary glands and ducts

2. prolactin --> milk synthesis

3. oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells --> milk ejection

Front 60

Fertilization

Back 60

mixing of chromosomes of two gametes (resulting in zygote)

Front 61

barriers to sperm migration

Back 61

a. vaginal acidity
b. cervical mucus
c. leukocytes in uterus
d. granulosa cells of corona radiata
e. zona pellucida
f. egg plasma membrane

Front 62

capacitation

Back 62

cholesterol lost from sperm membrane --> membrane weakens --> Ca ions enter --> sperm's tail lashes more forcefully

Front 63

acrosomal reaction

Back 63

acrosome membrane bursts, releases enzymes, including hyaluronidase and acrosin

Front 64

prevention of polyspermy

Back 64

a. fast block: binding of sperm to egg opens Na channels --> Na depolarizes membrane, inhibiting further binding of sperm

b. slow block: sperm penetration --> Ca enters --> cortical granules release secretions --> fertilization membrane forms, blocks remaining sperm from entering

Front 65

Preembryonic stage

Back 65

first 2 weeks of development

Front 66

cleavage

Back 66

(mitotic divisions in first 3 days after fertilization): zygote --> blastomeres --> morula --> blastocyst (hollow sphere with layer of cells called trophoblast and inner cell mass called embryoblast)

Front 67

implantation

Back 67

process in which blastocyst becomes buried in endometrium (starts about 6 days after ovulation, completed in about a week)

a. trophoblast becomes cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, starts secreting HCG

Front 68

embryogenesis

Back 68

embryoblast develops into the 3 primary germ layers

a. ectoderm = epithelial tissue

b. mesoderm = mesenchyme

c. endoderm = epithelial tissue

Front 69

Embryonic development

Back 69

weeks 3 to 8

Front 70

prenatal nutrition

Back 70

a. trophoblastic (deciduous) nutrition: conceptus nourished by digesting endometrial cells (dominates through week 8)

b. placental nutrition: conceptus nourished by exchange of nutrients in placenta (dominates after week 8)

Front 71

placentation

Back 71

formation of placenta (occurs from day 11 through 12 weeks after conception)

a. syncytiotrophoblast forms chorionic villi = fetal part of placenta

b. decidua basalis of endometrium = maternal part of placenta

Front 72

embryonic membranes

Back 72

a. amnion = transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid

b. yolk sac: produces first blood cells

c. allantois: forms part of umbilical cord

d. chorion = outermost membrane, forms part of placenta

Front 73

organogenesis

Back 73

formation of organs from primary germ layers

Front 74

organogenesis

Back 74

a. ectoderm: forms epidermis, nervous tissue

b. mesoderm: forms most muscle and connective tissues

c. endoderm: forms much mucosal epithelial tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Front 75

Fetal development

Back 75

week 9 to birth

Front 76

umbilical arteries

Back 76

carry blood to placenta

Front 77

umbilical vein

Back 77

carries blood from placenta

Front 78

ductus venosus

Back 78

allows most blood to bypass fetal liver

Front 79

foramen ovale

Back 79

hole in the interatrial septum

Front 80

ductus arteriosus

Back 80

allows some blood to bypass fetal lungs

Front 81

MALE EXCITEMENT
2ND STAGE

Back 81

2. emission and ejaculation: caused by efferent sympathetic and somatic signals

a. peristalsis in ductus deferens

b. contraction and secretion of prostate and seminal vesicles

c. contraction of internal urethral sphincter, bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles

Front 82

MALE EXCITEMENT
3RD STAGE

Back 82

3. resolution

a. internal pudendal artery constricts, trabecular muscles contract --> blood leaves erectile tissues --> penis becomes flaccid

Front 83

FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
2ND STAGE

Back 83

2. orgasm

a. orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically

b. peristaltic contractions of uterus

c. contraction of urinary and anal sphincters

Front 84

FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
3RD STAGE

Back 84

3. resolution

a. uterus returns to original position

b. orgasmic platform relaxes