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42 Cards in this Set
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Ethics |
- A system of moral principles by a particular group or society. - A way of determining right and wrong. - Synonymous with morals. |
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Hedonism |
- A moral system based on maximizing pleasure and avoiding pain. |
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Asceticism |
- An approach to life emphasizing discipline and impulse control. |
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Legalism |
- Ethics based on the assumption that there are rules for human conduct and that morality consists of knowing the rules and obeying them. - Strict set of laws and morals that come from outside the individual, such as religion. |
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Situationism |
- Ethics based on the assumption that there are no absolute rules, or at least very few, and that each situation must be judged individually. |
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Pederasty |
- Sex between an older man and a younger man or a boy. - Sometimes called boy love. - Fundamentally, it is gay pedophilia. |
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Fertility Cult |
- A form of nature religion in which the fertility of the soil is encouraged through various forms of ritual magic, often including ritual sexual intercourse. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Greek Philosophy |
- 5th to 4th centuries BC, Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato questioned the ethics. - Greek culture did not vilify sex as evil but philosophers did create a kind of asceticism. - They believed obtaining wisdom and virtue relied on avoiding violent passions but that platonic love led to immortality. - In military, pederasty was approved. - It became more ascetic after the Golden Age, and taught ataraxia. |
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Platonic Love |
- Love of sexless affection of more intellectual and friend-like relationships. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Judaism
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- View of sexuality was fundamentally positive in the Hebrew Scriptures. - Sex was viewed as a deep and intimate part of a relationship and introduced social consequences regulating sexual relationships. |
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Ataraxia |
- Tranquil state of pleasure between pleasure and pain. |
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Dualism |
- A religious or philosophical belief that body and spirit are separate and opposed to each other ad that the goal of life is to free the spirit from the bondage of the body, thus depreciating the material world and the physical aspect of humanity. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Christianity
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- Grew from an obscure Jewish sect to become the dominant religion in the modern West. - Advocated dualism and anitsex. Promoted monogamy and anti-divorce. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Christianity (New Testament)
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- Major proponents of the Gospels is Jesus. - Did not approach much on the subject of sex but is implied that his ethics were founded on Hebrew traditions. - Forgiving attitude to pertinent sinners including sins of sexual misconduct. - St. Paul had a positive outlook on sex and that it has profound interpersonal and spiritual implications. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Christianity (Early Christian Church)
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- "Fathers of the Church" such as St. Augustine wrote the the basic theology between 150-600 AD. - Christian ethics began to be increasingly ascetic because of the assimilation of dualistic Greek philosophy, decadence of Roman society, and the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine in 325 AD. - Serious Christian opposed this assimilation of cultures and moved to the desert to become monks, which became the norm by the 12th century, introducing celibacy. |
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Celibacy |
- The practice of remaining celibate. - Sometimes used to refer to abstaining from sexual intercourse, synonymous with chastity. |
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Celibate |
- A person who remains unmarried, usually for religious reasons. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Christianity (The Middle Ages)
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- Basic principles of the Early Christian Church continued to become even more elaborated and extended. - A major proponent, St. Thomas Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologica, which is essentially a book of all answers in Christian context. - Made negative any form of sexuality that is not procreative (beastiality, gays, masturbation) and introduced days of abstinence. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Christianity (Protestants)
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- Protestant Reformation in the 16th century destroyed the Christian unity of Europe and changed theological foundations of the Catholic Church and its influence. - Matters in sexuality remained mostly unchanged besides abandoning clerical celibacy, valued marriage and family. - Emphasized free thinking and individual decision making. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Christianity (Puritans)
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- Stemmed from the Protestant Reformation. - Followed Augustine's doctrine of "original sin" and "total depravity". - Used civil law to regulate human behavior to prevent immorality. - The exaggerated negativity of sex during the Victorian Era led to a reversal effect of immorality in private. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Christianity (Current Trends)
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- Consensus on sexual ethics in the West has been fairly stable, also called Old Morality. - Sex is understood as a good part of divine creation, but temptations must be controlled. - This consensus of sexuality broke down in the 20th century and is now treated with hot debate such as with contraception and abortion. |
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Humanism |
- A philosophical system that holds that ethical judgement must be made on the basis of human experience and human reason. - Most humanists hold that basic goals of human life are are self-awareness, avoidance of pain and suffering, and fulfillment of human needs. - Advocates tolerance to exploitative relationships and seeks intimacy. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Islam
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- Close to Judeo-Christian heritage. - Classic Islam views sexuality very positively and opposed celibacy. - Allows polygamy but views extramarital and premarital affairs as sin. - There is a double standard where an adulterous wife can be killed for an honor killing. - Since it's not a monolithic, ethics differ by denomination. - Use of contraceptives and withdrawal also encouraged. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Hinduism
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- Originates from India, and contains virtually every approach to sexuality ever invented by humans. - Certain themes of approaches to life: Kama (pursuit of pleasure), Artha (pursuit of success and material wealth, Dharma (pursuit of moral life), and Moksha (pursuit of liberation through nirvana). - Kama Sutra emphasizes erotic hedonism. - Dharma and Moksha are very ascetic, including celibacy. |
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Sexuality in Ethical Traditions: Buddhism
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- Developed out of Hinduism. - Little discussion of sex and is generally ascetic. - 2 main traditions, Theravada teaches strict non-indulgence while Mahayana teaches the love of others with both encouraging celibacy. - Originally, Buddha sought a median between asceticism and hedonism. - Tantric Buddhism however encourages sex as a joining of 2 energies. |
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Moralism |
- A religious or philosophical attitude that emphasizes moral behavior, usually according to strict standards as the highest goal of human life. - Moralists tend to favor strict regulation of human conduct to make people "good". |
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Pluralism |
- A philosophical or political attitude that affirms the value of many competing opinions and believes that the truth is discovered in the clash of diverse perspectives. - Pluralists believe in the maximum freedom possible. |
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Fornication |
- The term for sex by unmarried persons and more generally, all immoral sexual behavior. |
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Adultery |
- Voluntary sexual intercourse by a husband or wife with someone other than one's spouse, thus betraying one's marriage vows. |
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New Religion Right |
- A coalition of conservative religious and political groups. - Largely but not exclusively of fundamentalist Protestants. |
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Modern Trends in Sexuality |
- Development of safe and reliable contraception. - Later age of first marriage. - Suffering of loneliness from divorce and widowhood. - More prevalence of widowhood. - Scientific evidence indicating widespread sexual activity among adolescents. |
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Issues in Sexual Ethics: Sex Outside Marriage |
- Opposed by most, especially theological conservatives among Jews, Protestants, and Roman Catholics. - Currently, trends are moving to become more liberal, making sex for intent of "love" acceptable even if not married. - Thankfully, adultery is still frowned upon. |
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Issues in Sexual Ethics: Contraception
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- Roman Catholicism opposes any "artificial" means of contraception, only accepting of the rhythm movement. - Jews and most Protestants favor responsible family planning. - Ethicists suggest using birth control. |
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Issues in Sexual Ethics: Abortion
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- Pro-life: Opposes abortion. Roman Catholics are very opposing to abortion and views it indistinguishably from their views of contraceptives. - Pro-choice: Supports abortion. Some view it as a contraceptive choice. Distinguishes between elective and therapeutic abortion. Some Catholics believe the first trimester abortion is acceptable. - Centrist ethicists distinguish between abortion and contraception. Favoring the latter and raising ethical questions about abortion. |
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Therapeutic Abortion |
- Termination of a pregnancy when the life or mental health of a woman is threatened or in cases of trauma such as rape or incest. |
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Elective Abortion |
- Termination of a pregnancy for any reason other than the reasons of a therapeutic abortion. |
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Absolute Pro Choice Positions |
- Absolute position argues that pregnancy is solely the concern of a woman and that she should have the right to control her own body and determine whether to carry a fetus to term, inspired by feminism. - Also, feminists say men are deeply suspect because they historically defined rules of abortion but do not get pregnant themselves. |
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Modified Pro Choice Positions
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- Includes most liberal Jews and Protestants. - Complex and means several goods against one another. - Right to live vs right to be cared for. |
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Issues in Sexual Ethics: Homosexuality
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- Even in the context of religion, culture, and politics, the subject is ambiguous. - Three positions: total rejection, love the sinner, hate the sin, and full acceptance. - Rejectionists comprise mostly Judeo-Christians. - Love Sinner Hate Sin: Believe homosexuality is acceptable as long as they refrain from homo acts. - Full Acceptance: Many members leave to create own unions, churches, and organizations. |
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Issues in Sexual Ethics: HIV & AIDS
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- Many problems. - Some religions straight out stigmatize infected people or struggle to develop an effective way of ministering to people who are infected. - Question of should insurance pay for treatments. |
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |
- A cloning technique that involves substituting genetic material from an adult's nucleus for the nucleus of an egg. |
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Therapeutic Cloning |
- Creating tissues or cells that are genetically identical to those to a patient, to treat a disease. |
