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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacterial Infections |
- Treatable through simple antibiotics. - Includes: 1. Chlamydia 2. Gonorrhea 3. Syphilis |
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Parasitic Infections |
- Cures include specific treatments such as lotion or cream. - Includes: 1. Pubic Lice 2. Trichomoniasis |
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Viral Infections |
- Harder to target because they affect a host cell. - Includes: 1. HPV 2. Herpes 3. HIV / AIDS 4. Viral Hepatitis |
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Chlamydia Trachomatis: Transmission |
- Bacterium spread by contact. - Infects the genital organs of both males and females. - One of the major sexually transmitted infections in the US with 1.3 million new cases annually. - Adolescent girls have a particularly high rate of infection. |
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Chlamydia Trachomatis: Symptoms
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- In women: thin, usually clear discharge and mild discomfort on urination or intercourse. - In men: itching, pain, or burning in the testicles. - Appears 1 to 3 weeks after infection. - Similar to symptoms of gonorrhea, only gonorrhea produces a profuse pus-like discharge and more painful urination. - 75% women are asymptomatic while 50% men are asymptomatic. |
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Chlamydia Trachomatis: Treatment
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- Treated with azithromycin or doxycycline. - Poor treatment or undiagnosed cases result in urethral damage epididymitis, Reiter's syndrome in men, and in women, PID, infertitlity due to scarring of fallopian tubes, or infections such as pneumonia or eye infection to a baby born to a mother to a baby born through a mother with chlamydia. |
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Chlamydia Trachomatis: Prevention
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- Vaccines are on the way, possibly in the next decade. Currently there is a vaccine developed to work on mice. - Most efficient tools of prevention is screening. - On an individual level, condom use is most effective. |
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Syphilis: Transmission |
- Can be transmitted to multiple sites and affects in stages. - Enters through mucous membranes of the genitals of an infected person. It commonly affects the cervix in women and penis and scrotum in men. - Fetus may be infected to a mothering woman when the bacteria crosses the placental barrier unless treated before the fourth month of the pregnancy. - Increasingly common in gays. |
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Syphilis: Symptoms
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- Primary stage syphilis symptoms is a chancre appearing about 3 weeks after intercourse with an infected person. The chance is painless and disappears in 5-7 weeks. - Secondary stage syphilis symptoms include a full body rash that is neither painful nor itchy that disappears after some time on its own. Hair loss may also occur. - Symptoms in the Latent stage are almost to none. This period may last years or up to a lifetime while the bacteria invades all of the body tissues. - The Late Syphilis symptoms results in paralysis, dementia, death, etc. |
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Chancre |
- A painless, ulcer-like cratered lesion with a hard, raised edge that is a common symptom of syphilis. |
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Primary-Stage Syphilis |
- The first few weeks of a syphilis infection during which a chancre is present. |
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Secondary-Stage Syphilis |
- The second stage of syphilis occurring several months after an infection during which the chancre has disappeared and a generalized body rash appears. |
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Latent Syphilis |
- The third stage of syphilis which may last for years during which symptoms have disappeared although the person is still infected. |
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Late Syphilis |
- The fourth and final stage of syphilis during which he disease does damage to major organs of the body such as the lungs, heart, or brain. |
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Congenital Syphilis |
- A syphilis infection in a newborn baby resulting from transmission from an infected mother. - Infection may cause early death of fetuses. - Transmission occurs when the infection crosses the placental barrier. |
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Neurosyphilis |
- The late stage of syphilis where the brain and spinal cord are attacked. - Often fatal, this occurs 10 to 20 years after the infection. |
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Cardiovascular Late Syphilis |
- Late stage of syphilis where the heart and major blood vessels are attacked.. - This occurs 10 to 40 years after the infection. |
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Syphilis: Diagnosis
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- Somewhat difficult to diagnose because symptoms are like those of many other diseases. - Physical exam should include the entire body surface and genitals. Women should have a pelvic exam so the vagina and cervix can be checked for chancres. Rectal exam if patient engaged also in anal sex. - Fluid from a person is taken and inspected for the bacterium if they have a chancre. - Blood tests are also efficient. |
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Syphilis: Treatment
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- Two doses of Penicillin G, one on each buttocks. is the treatment of choice. - Latent, late, and congenital syphilis require larger doses. - For those allergic to penicillin, tetracycline or doxycycline is recommended, but it should not be given to a pregnant woman. |
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Gonorrhea: Transmission |
- Not as common as Chlamydia but there are 700,000 new cases annually. - Transmitted by contact. It affects genitals, anus, rectum, throat, mouth, and the eyes. The eye infection more common in infants. |
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Gonorrhea: Symptoms
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- Produces urethritis in males. - In most cases, symptoms appears 2-5 days after infection. - Initially, it creates a thin, clear mucous discharge that seeps out of the meatus. Within a day or so it becomes purulent creamy and white, yellowish, or yellow-green and the area around the meatus becomes swollen. - Half of infected males report a painful burning sensation when urinating. - If left untreated, it can cause prostatis, seminal vesiculitis, cystis in urinary bladder, and apididymitis. Pain during urination becomes worse. It may also spread to the scrotum and lead to sterility. - 50%-80% of women are asymptomatic, however, it affects the cervix and symptoms in women include slight pus discharge and irritating to the vulva. It can also spread to the urethra, causing burning pain in urination. If left untreated, it can spread to the Bartholin Glands and to the rectum and anus. If spread to the uterus and o the fallopian tubes, it can cause PID. |
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Gonorrhea: Diagnosis
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- Urine test available for men and women. - If throat or rectum is suspected to be infected, a bacterial swab is taken and cultured. - Pelvic exam should also be examined for women. Pain during this examination may indicated PID. |
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Gonorrhea: Treatment
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- Traditionally, penicillin is used as treatment and tetracycline for those who are allergic to penicillin.
- Strains that are resilient to penicillin and tetracycline became so common that newer antibiotic Cipro has to be used. - In 2007, they became so resistant to Cipro that doctors had to switch to ceftriaxone. |
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Pubic Lice |
- Tiny lice that attach to the base of pubic hairs and cause itching. - Also called crabs. - Lays eggs that can survive 6 days without a host. The lice themselves can live for 24 hours without a host and has a life average of about 30 days. - Symptoms include itchy freckles in genital area that are treatable through drugs Nix and Rid or creams and lotions such as Kwell. |
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Trichomoniasis |
- A form of vaginitis causing a frothy white or yellow discharge with an unpleasant odor. - Cuased by protozoan Trichomonas Vaginalis. - Can survive for a time outside a host so it can be contracted non-sexually. - It can lead to problems with birth, PID, and increased susceptibility to HIV infection. - Treatment of choice is metronidazole, taken orally. |
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Asymptomatic |
- Having no symptoms. |
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HPV: Transmission |
- The most common STI with 14 million new cases annually. Incidence has been rising since 1966. - Wart causing strain is especially contagious which spreads to the shaft of the penis, urethral opening of the penis, scrotum, vulva, vaginal walls, or cervix. Spread through contact. - 27% of women 14 to 59 were infected while prevalence in 14 to 19 year old girls were 35% in the US. HPV 16 and 18 account for 70% of cervical cancer. |
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HPV: Symptoms |
- Forms that cause genital warts are low-risk. - Other forms that cause cervical, penile, and oral cancers are high-risk. |
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HPV: Diagnosis
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- Made by simple inspections. - Some strains of warts are flat and less obvious especially if growing inside the vagina. - High risk types do not produce warts and require screening. |
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HPV: Treatment
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- Topical solutions such as podofilox cream, surgery, or cryptotherapy (liquid nitrogen). - Chemicals such as podophylliin or bicholoacetic acid. - Some HPV go away on their own but persist for long periods. - A vaccine was approved in 2006 to treat 4 of the most damaging strains, 2 for warts and 2 for cervical cancer which is very effective and cost efficient costing $320 between ages 11-26 a dose covered by insurance with a follow up booster shot. Condoms also lower risk of contraction. |
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Genital Warts
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- A sexually transmitted infection causing cauliflower-like warts on the genitals. |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
- An infection and inflammation of the pelvic organs, such as the fallopian tubes and the uterus in females. |
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Genital Herpes: Transmission |
- In the US, 17% are infected with HSV-2 and 58% with HSV-1. - It is transmitted through sexual intercourse and oral-genital sex. - Most contagious during breakout of sore. |
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Genital Herpes: Symptoms
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- HSV-2 cause painful bumps and blisters on the genitals that appear 2 to 3 weeks of infection. - Most cases are asymptomatic. 87% for HSV-2. - In women it is usually vaginal lips and for men, the penis. It can also be found in the anus if engaged in anal sex. - Blisters can burst and cause pain and susceptibility to other infections but blisters go away on their own in about 3 weeks of infection. - Fever, headaches, and painful urination may occur. - It resides in host for life but can remain dormant for the rest of person's life and symptoms may recur unpredictably with 1-2 weeks of repeated sores. - HSV-1 outbreaks are less severe. |
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Genital Herpes: Treatment |
- There are no drugs that kill the virus but there are treatments that reduce symptoms, reduce transmission rates, shorten breakout period, and prolong dormant period. - Includes Acyclovic, Famiclovir, and Valacyclovir. |
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Genital Herpes: Long Term Consequences |
- Develop complications such as meningitis or narrowing of urethra from scarring, leading to difficulty with urination. - High susceptibility to HIV infection. - Risk of transferring infection to infant in childbirth. |
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Genital Herpes
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- Caused by HSV, the Herpes Simplex Virus. - 2 forms, HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 sed to cause just cold sores and HSV-2 used to cause gential herpes but now more are crossing over. - It is an STI that causes cause small painful bumps or blisters in the genitals. |
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HPV |
- An STI caused by the Human Papilomavirus that causes genital warts. - Most common sexually transmitted infection. |
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Chlamydia |
- Causes a STI that cause discharge in and pain during urination in males while women are mostly asymptomatic.
- Bacterial infection caused by a spirochete bacteria called Treponema Pallidum.- Also called the "Great Pox", it was present in Europe by the 1400's and caused a pandemic by 1500's. |
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Syphilis |
- An STI that causes a chnacre to appear in the early stages. - Less common than gonorrhea or chlamydia but more severe. |
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Gonorrhea |
- An STI that usually causes symptoms of pus-like discharge and painful, burning urination in males but typically asymptomatic in females. - Oldest of the sexual diseases. It was an epidemic in wars such as WW1 and WW2 with a resurgence in the 1970's. - Also called "clap", or "drip".- It is caused by the gonococcus bacteria Neisseria Gonorrhoeae. |
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Viral Hepatitis |
- Disease of the liver that can be transmitted sexually or by needle sharing. - There are 5 types while Hepatitis B, and rarely C and D are sexually transmitted. |
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Viral Hepatitis: Transmission
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- Through sexual intercourse, anal sex, oral-anal sex, needle sharing, and is common in gays and heterosexuals. - Transmitted through blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, and other bodily fluids. - Hepatitis B is more contagious than AIDS. |
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Viral Hepatitis: Symptoms
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- 3 groups: asymptomatic, acute illness, and chronic illness.
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Viral Hepatitis: Treatments
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- Vaccines are available against Hepatitis B and teens and infants should be vaccinated. |
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Vaginitis |
- An irritation or inflammation of the vagina, usually causing a discharge. - Preventable by clean hygiene and not going from anal intercourse to vaginal intercourse. - Yogurt can be a home remedy for treatment. - Not transmitted by sexual contact. |
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Candida |
- A form of vaginitis causing a thick white discharge. - Also called Monilialis or Yeast Infection. - Present in a well balanced environment but become problematic when unbalanced. Causes include long term use of birth control pills, menstruation, diabetes, prediabetic condtions, pregnancy, and long term use of antibiotics such as tetracycline. - Not sexually transmitted but can be aggravated by it. It can also infect an infant if mother giving birth is infected. - Treatable through miconazole, clotrimazole, or fluconazole. |
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Thrush |
- Condition caused by candida. - It can be caused by oral-genital sex or birthing a baby from infected mother. - It is when Candida is in the digestive system. |
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Prostatitis |
- Infection or inflammation of the prostate gland. - Caused by E. Coli, Gonorrhea, or Chlamydia. - Symptoms include fever, chills, pain around anus and rectum, and frequent need for urination. - Sometimes, it can be chronic and be asymptomatic or only causing back pain. - Treatable through antibiotics. |
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Safer Sex |
1. Abstinence 2. Monogamy 3. Use of condoms and dental dams. 4. Screening and taking a sex history. |
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AIDS |
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- A sexually transmitted disease that destroys the body's natural immunity to infection s that the person is susceptible to and may die from a disease such as pneumonia and cancer. |
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HIV |
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus - It is the virus that causes AIDS and there are 2 forms: HIV-1 (almost all infections in US) and HIV-2 (mostly exclusive to Africa). - First found in gays in LA in 1981 and identified by 1984, believed to originate from SIV in apes in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
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HIV: Transmission |
- Transmitted through body fluids: semen, blood, and to a lesser extent; breast milk and vaginal and cervical secretions. - Spread by intercourse, contaminated blood, contaminated needles, from infected mother to her infant and less likely oral-genital sex. - Condoms are 80% to 90% effective. - Chances increase with more partners and rates of transmission to men are slightly lower than to women. |
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HIV: Statistics |
- 1 million have been infected as of 2010 with 635,000 casualties in the US and 35 million are infected worldwide.
- In the US: 48% gays, 18% heterosexual contact, 3% injection drug use, multiple sources 7%, and other (including recipients of blood transfusions) 1% make up the infected population. - Before gays were accounted for but now women are the fastest growing group for HIV infection (26%), specifically hetero contact and drug users. Worldwide, hetero contact is majority of cases. |
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HIV: Diagnosis |
- ELISA, a blood test that takes 6-8 weeks to test for antibodies. It is easy and cheap but if taken too early, it could give false positives. - The Western Blot is a follow up test for a positive result from the ELISA. - OraQuick for blood in 2002 and OraQuick for oral fluid in 2004. Results in 20-30 minutes and done in clinics. - Home Access HIV-1 Test System is a finger prick assessed test mailed to a lab for results. - 2012, OraQuick made a mouth swab home diagnostic with results in 20 minutes. |
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HIV: Symptoms |
- Consists of 3 stages: 1. Early Stage 2. Middle Stage 3. AIDS Stage |
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Early Stage HIV |
- Initial infection and development of antibodies over next 2-8 weeks. Stage lasts as long as person is feeling well and T-cell count stays above 1000 per ml^3 of blood and asymptomatic but can infect other people.
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Middle Stage HIV |
- T-cell count drops to 500. No outward symptoms but immune system is failing. Swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, diarrhea, persistent yeast infections in throat or vagina, shingles, fatigue, and abnormal or cancerous cells in the cervix. Treatments with AZT and DDI may begin but better if started earlier.
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AIDS Stage of HIV |
- Tests positive for HIV and person is either affected by life threatening opportunistic infections that occur in people with reduced immunity, T-cell count below 200, affected by other infections such as recurring pneumonia or tuberculosis, or has invasive cervical cancer and possibly seizures and mental problems.
- Pneumocystis carinii penumonia (PCP) and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are the resulting infections of AIDS that previously usually affected only people with severely low immunity. |
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HIV: Virus |
- It is a retrovirus, which requires living cells of host species. - They invade host white blood cells called T-cells and attaches DNA to host cell nucleus which replicates as the cell divides, each containing the virus's DNA that eventually kill host cell which consequently and eventually lower the immune system's responses. - there are 2 HIV viruses identified in US: HIV-1 and HIV-2 each with subgroups. |
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HIV: Treatment |
- There are no cures currently. - Drugs such as AZT, ART (DDC, DDI, D4T), Protease Inhibitors, Darunavir, HAART. - However, strains are becoming increasingly resilient. - Another method of treatment is to fight the opportunistic infections such as using pentamidine in aerosol form to fight PCP. |
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AZT |
- Antiviral drug
- Also called azidothymidine, zidovudine, ZDV. - Stops virus from multiplying but cannot repair damaged immune system. It is used widely but has damaging side effects. - Because of side effects, some patients cannot use it or be used for a limited time. |
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ART: D4T, DDC, & DDI |
- Antiretroviral Therapy is the collective term for drugs D4T, DDI, and DDC. - DDI: Dideoxyinosine or didanosine. Slows progression of disease by preventing replication of virus. - DDC: Dideoxycytidine. Slows progression of disease by preventing replication of virus. - D4T: Similar to the above ART drugs. - ART is effective in preventing transmission. |
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Protease Inhibitors |
- Protease Inhibitors attack viral viral enzyme protease, which is necessary for HIV to make copies of itself and multiply.
- Made in 1996. |
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Darunavir |
- Introduced in 2006. - Works by acting on viruses that are resistant to the protease inhibitors. |
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HAART |
- A drug "cocktail" of one of the protease inhibitors combined with AZT and another anti-HIV drug. - Highly Active Antiretroviral Threapy. - This was initially a success but later found that the viruses had only been lying dormant in host cells and in lymph nodes such as testes, brain, and eyes. |
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HIV: Vaccines |
- Problem is that there are many forms of HIV and they mutate rapidly. - First step is to create a model vaccine for SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus). - Other strategies include developing a vaccine that stimulates the body to respond to it such as one that acts at a cellular level by making T-cells toxic to HIV or prevent transmission in breastfeeding. So far 1 partially effective vaccine has been identified in Thailand. |
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Nonprogressors |
- People infected with HIV without symptoms or immune deterioration after 10 years. Accounts for 5% of infected population. - They have over 500 T-cells and have less HIV in their bodies. - They may have strong immune system or a lot of defensins in their bodies, or perhaps they were infected by a weak strain or non replicating strain. |
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HIV: Virus Infection |
1. Virus particles attach to host cell membrane. 2. Core disintegrates, releasing RNA. Reverse transcriptase produces DNA from viral RNA genome. 3. DNA copy of viral genome enters nucleus. 4. DNA copy of virus genome integrates into host chromosome. 5. Transcription of integrated virus makes viral RNA genome. 6. Core forms; new virus particles bud from host cell. |
