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80 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Sexual Disorder
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- A problem with sexual response that causes a person mental distress.
- Also called Sexual Dysfunction. - Hard to define because it is up to an individual's discrepancy on the definition. |
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Lifelong Sexual Disorder
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- A sexual disorder that has been present ever since the person began sexual functioning.
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Acquired Sexual Disorder
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- A sexual disorder that develops after a period of normal functioning.
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Hypoactive Sexual Desire (HSD)
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- A sexual disorder in which there is a lack of interest in sexual activity.
- Also called Inhibited Sexual Desire or Low Sexual Desire. - Half as many men experience this and becomes more common with age (10% of women up to age 49 and 50% over 65). - Lack of or sharply reduced interest in sex or lack of response to responsive desire. |
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Discrepancy of Sexual Desire
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- A sexual disorder in which the partners have considerably different levels of sexual desire.
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Desire Disorders
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- Includes:
1. Hypoactive Sexual Desire 2. Discrepancy of Sexual Desire 3. Sexual Aversion Disorder |
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Sexual Desire
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- Also called Libido.
- Interest in sexual activity that leads the individual to seek out sexual activity or be pleasurably receptive to it. |
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Sexual Aversion Disorder
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- A disorder in which the person feels an actual aversion or repulsion towards sex.
- It is relatively not well documented but experts believe it is rare. - Some experts classify this as a phobia than a disorder. |
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Responsive Desire
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- Sexual desire that occurs before sexual activity begins and leads them to initiate sex.
- In other cases, the responsive sexual desire as the sexual activity begins. |
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD)
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- A sexual disorder in which there is a lack of response to sexual stimulation including a lack of lubrication.
- Cases are subjected to a woman's own sense that she does not feel aroused despite adequate stimulation and others by difficulties in lubrication. - Reported by 10% of women and increases particularly after menopause because of estrogen decline. |
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Erectile Disorder (ED)
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- The inability to have or maintain an erection.
- Also known as erectile dysfunction, inhibited sexual excitement, and impotence. - This inhibits sexual intercourse. - Surveys in North America and Europe report 10% of males under 40 but increases prevalence with age to 30% for after 60. - Most common ex-therapy seeking disorders for men since the introduction of Viagra. |
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Lifelong Erection Disorder
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- Cases of erectile disorder in which the man has never had an erection sufficient enough to have an intercourse.
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Acquired Erectile Disorder
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- Cases of erectile disorder in which the man at one time was able to have satisfactory erections but can no longer do so.
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Premature Ejaculation (PE)
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- A sexual disorder in which the man ejaculates to soon and thinks he cannot control when he ejaculates.
- Also known as Rapid Ejaculation or Early Ejaculation. - About 15% of men report it but too embarrassed to seek therapy. |
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Male Orgasmic Disorder
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- A sexual disorder in which the man cannot have an orgasm, even though he is highly aroused and has had a great deal of sexual stimulation.
- Also called Retarded Ejaculation. - Most common cases is inability to orgasm through intercourse but through oral/hand stimulation. However, this disorder is still rare; 8% of population (NHSS). |
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Female Orgasmic Disorder
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- A sexual disorder in which the woman is unable to have an orgasm.
- Includes Situational Orgasmic Disorder. - Also called Orgasmic Dysfunction, Anorgasmia, Frigidity, and Inhibited Female Orgasm. - May be classified as lifelong or acquired. - Common disorder, about 20% of women report. |
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Situational Orgasmic Disorder
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- A case of orgasmic disorder in which the woman is able to have an orgasm in some situations but not in others.
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Arousal Disorders
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- Includes:
1. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD) 2. Erectile Disorder (ED): Lifelong and Acquired |
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Orgasmic Disorders
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Includes:
1. Premature Ejaculation 2. Male Orgasmic Disorder 3. Female Orgasmic Disorder |
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Measurable Definition of Premature Ejaculation
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International Society for Sexual Medicine - Always or almost always occurs prior to or within 1 minute of of vaginal penetration.- Inability to delay ejaculation. - Distress about the problem. Other Sources - Within 1 minute of penetrating. - Under 10 pelvic thrusts. - Lack of personal voluntary control. |
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Pain Disorders |
- Includes: 1. Painful Intercourse (Dyspareunia) 2. Vaginismus |
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Painful Intercourse (Dyspareunia) |
- Genital pain experienced during intercourse. - According to the NHSLS: 14% women report this while only 3% of men report it. - Occasional pain is common and persistent pain less common. - It could affect relationship problems and sexual functioning. |
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Vaginismus |
- A sexual disorder in which there is a spastic and involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the entrance to the vagina, in some cases so severe that intercourse is impossible. - Not a common disorder but women are more likely to seek out treatment as it affects relationships. |
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Organic Factors of Sexual Disorders |
- Physical factors, such as disease or injury, that cause sexual disorders. |
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Physical Causes for Erectile Disorder |
- Disease associated with the heart and the circulatory system since erection depends on the circulatory system. - Vascular pathology; problems with vessels supplying blood to penis via arteries. - Associated with diabetes mellitus (circultion and peripheral nerves). - Hypogonadism and low testosterone. - Damage to lower spinal cord. - Some kinds of prostate surgery. |
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Physical Causes for Premature Ejaculation |
- Local infection such as prostatitis. - Degeneration in related parts of the nervous system. - Neural disorders such as multiple sclerosis. - Some experts reason that this is a product of "survival of the fastest". |
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Physical Causes for Male Orgasmic Disorder |
- May be associated with a variety of medical or surgical conditions such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. - Most commonly, it is related to psychological factors. |
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Physical Causes for Female Orgasmic Disorder |
- Severe illness. - Extreme fatigue. - General ill health. - Injury to the spinal cord. - Most commonly, it is caused by psychological factors. |
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Physical Causes for Painful Intercourse & Vaginismus (Women) |
- Disorders of the vaginal entrance: Irritated remnants of the hymen, painful scars from sexual assault or episiotomy, and infection in the Bartholin Glands. - Disorders of the vagina: Vaginal infections, allergic reactions to spermicidal creams or latex condoms and diaphragms, thinning of the vaginal walls (occurs naturally with age), or scarring of the roof of vagina which happens after a hysterectomy. - Pelvic disorders: pelvic infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, tumors, cysts, or tearing of ligaments supporting the uterus. |
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Physical Causes for Painful Intercourse (Men) |
- Poor hygiene in uncircumcised men. - Allergic reactions to spermicidal creams or latex in condoms. - Various prostate problems may cause pain on ejaculation. |
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Frigidity |
- In women, it refers to a variety of conditions ranging from a total lack of sexual arousal to arousal without orgasm. - Often a derogatory connotation and is imprecise in defining what experts like to call Female Orgasmic Disorder. |
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Alcohol & Sexual Disorders |
- Effects vary considerably but can be categorized into 3 categories: 1. Short term pharmacological effects. 2. Expectancy effects. 3. Long term effects of chronic alcohol abuse. - Alcoholics of later stages of alcoholism frequently have sexual disorders. - Chronic alcoholism leads to disturbance in sex hormone production from atrophy to testes. - Interpersonal problems from chronic alcoholism can cause sexual disorders. - Expectancy results of alcohol only work in small doses. |
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Illicit / Recreational Drugs & Sexual Disorders: Marijuana |
- Widespread myth that it has aphrodisiac properties and some surveys report it increases sexual desire and pleasure while contributes to risky sexual (unprotected) behavior. - It is associated with orgasmic disorder and chronic users report decreased sexual desire. - In women, it increases sexual desire and pleasure but problems in higher doses. - For men, moderate doses increase sexual desire while creating erection problems. |
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Illicit / Recreational Drugs & Sexual Disorders: Cocaine
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- Among drug users, it is reported to be the choice of enhancing sexual experiences. - Chronic use is associated with loss of sexual desire, orgasmic disorders, and erectile disorders. - Effects differ on the type of administration and most negative effects occur among regular injectors of the drug. |
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Illicit / Recreational Drugs & Sexual Disorders: Stimulant Drugs
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- Notably amphetamines are associated with increased sexual desire and better orgasm control. - Some note the injection of amphetamines creates a total-body orgasmic sensation while other cases report it causes orgasm to become difficult or impossible. - Crystal methamphetamine is known to have aphrodisiac qualities but leads to risky sexual behavior. Also leads to paranoia, hallucinations, and violent behavior. |
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Illicit / Recreational Drugs & Sexual Disorders: Other Drugs
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- Opiates or narcotics such as morphine, heroin, and methadone have strong suppression effects on sexual desire and response. - In particular, long term use of heroin leads to decreased testosterone in males. |
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Prescription Drugs & Sexual Disorders |
- Some psychiatric drug (treats psychological disorders) may affect sexual functioning. - They may host beneficial psychological effects because they alter neurotransmitter levels and functioning of the CNS but that may in turn affect sexual functioning. - Drugs used to treat schizophrenia may cause delayed or "dry" orgasm for men. - Tranquilizers and antidepressants often improve sexual mental state as it improves the mental state but are associated with arousal problems and delayed orgasm While a few antidepressants such as bupropion have few sexual side effects. - Antihistamines reduce vaginal lubrication. - Some antihypertensive drugs such as for epilepsy are known to decrease sexual desire and cause erection problems. |
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Psychological Causes for Sexual Disorders |
- Can be categorized into 5 categories: 1. Immediate causes 2. Prior learning 3. Emotional factors 4. Behavioral / lifestyle causes 5. Problems with sexual excitation / inhibition. |
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Psychological Causes for Sexual Disorders: Immediate Causes
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- Four factors include: 1. Anxieties such as fear of failure to perform. 2.Cognitive interference. 3.Failure of the partners to communicate. 4. Failure to engage in effective, sexually stimulating behavior. |
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Prior Learning |
- Things that people have learned earlier, such as experiences, influences, or knowledge in childhood that affects their sexual response. |
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Immediate Causes |
- Various factors that occur in the act of lovemaking that affect immediate sexual response. |
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Cognitive Interference |
- Negative thoughts that distract a person from focusing on the erotic experience where the problem is attention. - Men face more performance related distractions while women face more appearance related distraction. |
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Spectatoring |
- Defined by Masters and Johnson. - The term for acting as an observer or judge of one's own sexual performance. - It is thought to contribute to sexual disorders. |
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David Barlow's Study on Cognitive Interference |
- 1986, conducted a experiment to find how anxiety affects sexual functioning for sexually functioning and dysfunctioning men. - The series of experiments included watching erotic films and administering a shock to the participant if they do not get an erection. - Results show that men who function sexually show increased arousal while dysfunctional show decreased arousal. - The demand for performance bring anxiety and negative emotions for dysfunctioning male, thus causing mental interference and reducing arousal. - Functional males have accurate self-reports while dysfunctionals have underestimated reports. |
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Psychological Causes for Sexual Disorders: Prior Learning
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- Examples: 1. First experience was traumatic, such as a man being ridiculed for not achieving an erection which brings about negative emotions and future anxiety. 2. Sexual abuse in childhood would strongly tie negative memories with sex. 3. Growing up in a strongly religious family would negatively influence sexual behavior. |
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Psychological Causes for Sexual Disorders: Emotional Factors |
- Depression is related to erectile disorder as with other sexual disorders. - Emotions such as anger and fear affect sexual response. -Anxiety can impede sexual functioning. |
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Psychological Causes for Sexual Disorders: Behavioral / Lifestyle Factors
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- Smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity are associated with higher rates of sexual disorder. - They are modifiable, a study of obese men (30-35 yrs old) showed regular physical exercise reduced body mass index and incidence of erectile disorder. |
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Psychological Causes for Sexual Disorders: Sexual Excitation-Inhibition
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- This model proposes that two basic processes underlie human sexual response: excitation and inhibition. - People who are low on sexual excitation or high on sexual inhibition are more likely to develop a sexual disorder. |
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Combined Cognitive and Physiological Factors for Sexual Disorders |
- Cognitive interpretation of physiological function are essential in determining sexual response. - A study of women with sexual disorders were shown a frightening movie which increased general autonomic arousal were then shown a brief erotic clip and given a false feedback that their genitals had shown strong arousal response which in turn created a cognitive interpretation for their feelings that positively affected their sexual response for subsequent studies. |
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Interpersonal Factors for Sexual Disorders |
- Anger or resentment towards partner can create sexual problems. - Intimacy problems in a relationship can also create sexual disorders. - This leads to individual problems where they like sex but fear intimacy. |
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Women's Sexual Problems and Their Causes: Sociocultural, Political, and Economic Factors |
- Ignorance and anxiety due to lack of sexuality education, lack of access to health services,or other social constraints. - Sexual avoidance or distress due to perceived inability to meet cultural norms regarding ideal sexuality. - Inhibitions due to conflict from social and cultural norms. - Lack of interest or fatigue from family or work obligations. |
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Women's Sexual Problems and Their Causes: Sexual Problems Relating to Partner and Relationship
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- Sexual inhibition or distress arising from betrayal or fear of partner because of abuse. - Discrepancies in desire or preferences for sexual activities. - Ignorance or inhibition about sexual communications. - Loss of sexual interest as result from experiences such as infertility or issues over money, . - Loss of arousal due to partner's heath or sexual problems. |
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Women's Sexual Problems and Their Causes: Psychological Factors
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- Sexual aversion or inhibition of pleasure from physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. - Personality problems with attachment, rejection, depression, or anxiety. - Sexual inhibition from fear of sexual acts or their consequences. |
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Women's Sexual Problems and Their Causes: Medical Factors
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- Any number of medical conditions that affect neurological circulatory, endocrine, or other systems of the body. - Pregnancy or sexual transmitted diseases or infections. - Side effects from medications. |
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Behavioral Therapy |
- A system of therapy based on learning theory in which the focus is on the problem behavior and how it can be modified or changed using systematic desensitization. - Therapy for premature ejaculation had a low failure rate while therapy for lifelong disorders had a high failure rate. |
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Sensate Focus Excercise |
- A part of the sex therapy developed by asters and Johnson in which one partner caresses the other, the other communicates what is pleasurable, and there are no performance demands. |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
- A form of therapy that combines behavior therapy and restructuring of negative thought patterns into positive ones. |
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Couple Therapy |
- A therapy in which the relationship itself is created with the goal of reducing antagonisms and tensions between partners. - Some use a combination of cognitive behavioral with sex therapy. |
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Five Part Model Treating Erectile Disorder |
- Used in couple therapy by sex therapists Raymond Rosen, Sandra Leiblum, and Ilana Spector for men who have erectile disorders. 1. Sexual and performance anxiety reduction. 2. Education and cognitive intervention. 3. Script assessment and modification. 4. Conflict resolution and relationship enhancement. 5. Relapse prevention training. |
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Sex Therapy Online |
- Dr. Patti Briton is one popular proponent. - Advantages include more affordability, accessibility, and anonymity. - Disadvantages include the fact there is no current licensing system, therapy will not be as intensive as a in-person session. |
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Specific Treatments for Specific Problems: Stop Start Technique |
- Used to treat premature ejaculation. - One method is the partner to use hand stimulation to make an erection and stop before ejaculation and wait until the penis resolves before starting again until the man is able to control orgasm. - Another method, the squeeze technique is to squeeze around the coronal ridge to stop orgasm. |
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Specific Treatments for Specific Problems: Masturbation
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- Most effective form of therapy for women with primary orgasmic disorder. - Data indicates that this is the technique most likely to produce an orgasm in women. - Masturbation is sometimes recommended as a therapy for men as well. |
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Specific Treatments for Specific Problems: Kegel Exercises
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- Designed to exercise and strengthen the PC (pubococcygeal) muscles which runs along the sides of the entrance to the vagina. - This exercise is particularly helpful for women who have had this muscle stretched in childbirth or poor tone in this muscle. - Requires voluntarily contracting and releasing the muscle responsible for urinating and holding in urinating. - Sometimes recommended in treating men. |
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Specific Treatments for Specific Problems:Bibliotherapy |
- The use of a self-help book to treat a disorder. - Effective in treating orgasmic disorders in women and for couples of mixed sexual disorders. |
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Dr. Patti Britton |
- Board certified sex therapist who treats sex disorders using online sex therapy. - Her website is www.drpattibriton.com, which uses chat rooms to discuss sexual experiences or problems as well as appoiintments via live online chat or through a telephone session. - Sexuality expert at iVillage.com as well. |
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Biomedical Therapies: Drug Treatments |
- Identifies drugs used to cure sexual disorders or aid in cognitive behavioral sex therapy or other forms of psychological sex therapy. - Some have direct effect while others are psychotherapeutic to improve a person's mood. |
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Viagra |
- A drug used in the treatment of erectile disorder. - Also known as Sildenafil. - Taken by mouth approximately an hour before anticipated sexual activity which relaxes smooth muscles in the corpora cavernosa. Effective for a few hours. - Has a 57% success rate in over 27 clinical trials. - Side effects, though uncommon, may include headache, flushing, and vision disturbances. |
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Cialis |
- Also known as Tadalafil. - Works by relaxing the smooth muscles around the arteries to the penis which facilitates engorgement. - Effective for 24 to 36 hour. |
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Levitra |
- Also known as Vardenafil. - Works much like Viagra but is somewhat more potent and has a slightly different formulation. - Effective in treating erectile dysfunction resulting from surgical removal of the prostate. |
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Peripherally Acting Drugs |
- Works on sites on or around he genitals such as Viagra or Cialis. |
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Centrally Acting Drugs |
- Acts on regions in the brain involved in arousal. such as Uprima. |
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Uprima |
- Acts in about 20 minutes of intake. - Does not produce a spontaneous erection and needs to be accompanied by sexual stimulation. - Works by boosting the levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the hypothalamus.. - Effective in 55% of cases. - Taken sublingually. |
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Biomedical Therapies:Intracavernosal Injection (ICI) |
- Treatment for erectile disorders which involve injecting a drug such as alprostadil or Edex into the corpora cavernosa of the penis. - The drugs are vasodilators which dilate the blood vessels in the penis so that more blood accumulates there, causing an erection. - Psychological benefits include confidence. - Alprostadil can be applied as a cream. |
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Biomedical Therapies: Suction Devices
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- Another treatment for erectile disorders. - Essentially, it is a tube placed over the penis that uses suction force to engorge a penis into an erection. A rubber ring is then placed around the base of the penis to secure the erection. - This method is used successfully with diabetic men and can be used in combination with cognitive behavioral couple therapy procedures for erectile dysfunction where the sources are mainly of psychological in origin. |
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Biomedical Therapies: Surgical Therapy (Inflatable Penis)
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- For severe cases of erectile disorder as a last protocol. - Involves surgically implanting a penile prosthesis which is a sac or bladder of water implanted into the lower abdomen connected to two inflatable tubes running the length of the corpus spongiosum with a pump in the scrotum. - About 1/4th of men with this treatment report dissatisfaction afterwards. - Another method requires implantation of a silicone rod which is less costly than the previous procedure. However the penis will always be in an erected state. |
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Therapies for Sexual Disorders |
Includes: - Behavioral Therapy - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - Sex Therapy Online - Specific Therapies (Bibliotherapy, Masturbation, Stop-start Techniques, Kegel Exercises). - Biomedical Therapy (Drug Treament, Intracavernosal Injection, Suction Devices, Surgical Therapy). |
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Penile Prosthesis |
- A surgical treatment for erectile dysfunction in which inflatable tubes are surgically implanted into the penis. |
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Critiques of Sex Therapy |
- Psychologists Bernie Zilbergeld and Michael Evans in 1980 did an extensive critique of research methods used by Masters and Johnson in evaluating success of their sex therapy. In brief, their criticisms suggest that the success rate is only questionable because they never reported their success rates or defined it. |
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Avoiding Sexual Disorders |
1. Communicate with partner. 2. Don't be a spectator. 3. Don't set up goals of sexual performance. 4. Be choosy about the situations in which you have sex. 5. Expect failures in a sexual relationship. |
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Choosing a Sex Therapist |
- Many states do not regulate licensing requirement for sex therapy. - State medical or psychological associations may have information of psychiatrists and psychologists with special training in sex therapy. - There are professional organizations of sex therapists such as the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists. - Choose a therapist or clinic offering an integrated approach of biological, cognitive behavioral, and relationship influences. |
