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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have two important characteristics:
ability to differentiate into other specialized cell types (...) ability to divide and renew themselves for long periods (...) similar to ... cells |
potency
self-regeneration cancer |
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What is the differentiation potential?
-all cell types can be produced -ex. Zygote, blastomere -all cell types |
totipotent
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What is the differentiation potential?
-can differentiate into any type except embryonic membranes. -cultured human ES cells -cells from all 3 germ layers |
pleuripotent
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What is the differentiation potential?
-all except embryonic membranes -cultured human ES cells (blastocyst) -cells from all 3 germ layers |
pleuripotent
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What is the differentiation potential?
-many -hematopoietic cells -muscle, liver, all blood cells |
multipotent
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What is the differentiation potential?
-few -myeloid precursor -blood cells |
oligopotent
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What is the differentiation potential?
-none -terminally differentiated cell (RBC) -no cell division |
nullipotent
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Stem cells play a central role in three cellular processes:
1)... 2)... 3)... |
development
repair of damaged tissue cancer |
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...: the loss of potential and gain of specialization of cells that occur during development of tissues
Stem cells in blastomere --> germ layer cells --> progenitor/precursor cells --> terminally differentiated cells (stepwise process) |
Determination
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stem cells in tissue repair:
necessary for tissue ... in adults possible mechanisms: -circulating stem cells may divide and differentiate under appropriate ... -example: Blood cells may give rise to liver, brain, and kidney cells (exhibit ...). -differentiated cells may retain ability to ... and self-... examples: hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, smooth muscle |
regeneration
signals plasticity divide renew |
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stem cells in cancer:
link between ontogeny and oncology stem cells do not lose their ... ... (monsters)--> spontaneous tumor of germ cell origin that may contain various types of tissues (bone, muscle, hair, fat, etc.) |
telomeres
teratocarcinomas |
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What are the 3 main sources of stem cells?
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embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells umbilical cord blood stem cells |
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what is this?
-obtained through in vitro fertilization -isolated from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst (4-5 day old embryo) -culture on feeder cells -induce differentiation |
embryonic stem (ES) cells
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Properties of ES cells
... --> can differentiate into cells derived from all 3 germ layers ... --> cells lines can be maintained indefinitely normal ... (in contrast to cancer cells) display unique ..., like Oct-4 (keeps genes turned off that would otherwise lead to differentiation) tendency to produce ... may cause transplant ... |
pleuripotent
immortal karyotype surface markers tumors rejection |
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Using different environmental (...) factors, you can differentiate into different things
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growth
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characteristics of adult stem cells:
... --> ability of stem cells to expand their potential beyond the tissue from which they are derived -example: dental pulp stem cells can become neural tissue ... -> direct conversion of one cell type into another -example: conversion of a pancreatic cell into a liver cell |
plasticity
transdifferentiation |
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sources of adult stem cells:
... - marrow, bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, fat, liver, brain/nerve, blood cells ... - skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, bone, cartilage, fat, heart ... - bone marrow, blood cells ... - brain, nerves, blood cells can also get them from skin (epidermis), cornea, heart, liver, lung, olfactory epithelium |
bone marrow
skeletal muscle peripheral blood brain |
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properties of adult stem cells:
... limited in ... more difficult to ... for long periods of time no transplant ... |
multipotent
number grow rejection |
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adult stem cells:
The use of a patient’s own stem cells would mean that the cells would not be ... by the immune system. |
rejected
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... might be the solution for ES stem cell rejection. (therapeutic cloning)
Take a fertilized egg, and remove it’s nucleus. Transplant a donar nucleus from an individual, and replace it into the egg. DNA would contain antigens that were specific to (match) the donor |
Nuclear transfer
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4 basic clinical applications of stem cell research:
Functional ... studies Study of ... (developmental process) and other biological processes (cancer, differentiation) ... discovery and development (toxicology, drug targets) Cell-based ... for disease |
genomic
embryogenesis Drug therapies |
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what are these?
Leukemia (bone marrow transplant) Brain damage Cancer Spinal cord injury Heart damage Hematopoiesis Diabetes Osteogenesis imperfecta Baldness Missing teeth Deafness Blindness/vision impairment ALS Inflammatory bowel disease |
potential cell-based therapies
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