Exam 4 Mfm Ch20

Front 1

which configuration of glyceraldehyde is of importance to us and is what we deal with in the human body?

(D or L)?

Back 1

D

Front 2

Molecules are called ... when they have a difference of 1 change between them (usually with regards to they hydroxyl and carbon group)

Back 2

epimers

Front 3

glucose and ... look a lot alike, which can create problems (associated with ...)

Back 3

galactose
galactesemia

Front 4

D-Ribulose and D-Xylulose are associated with the ... shunt

Back 4

hexomonophosphate

Front 5

... carbon is the one that opens and closes the chain. It is the first carbon (in the number 1 position)

Back 5

anameric

Front 6

what is the mnemonic to remember the difference between alpha and beta D-glucose? (or any other molecule for that matter)

what's it stand for?

which form is usually more stable? (alpha or beta?)

Back 6

"birds fly above, ants crawl below"

hydroxyl group above plane of ring = beta

hydroxyl group below plane of ring = alpha

alpha

Front 7

We can either form the alpha, or the beta, depending on how it is rotated when its form “closes”

Number # position open and closes

When it’s ..., you can do chemistry with it. Not when it’s ... (ring structure).

Chemistry that most often occurs --> reducing from aldehyde to alcohol --> “... sugar”

Back 7

1
open
closed
reducing

Front 8

reducing sugars

when you’re splitting these molecules apart, some enzymes recognize the ..., and some recognize the ...

one end is a ... end, and the other is a ... end (can open up)

Back 8

alpha
beta
nonreducing
reducing

Front 9

Beta galactosidase is specific for the number # position in the ... form

Back 9

1
beta

Front 10

... problems in human body

Forms ... points (alpha-1,6-linkages)

the cells control the number of glycogen particles by making the protein ... (the genesis of glycogen)

There is no ... end to glycogen.

Back 10

Packaging
branch
glycogenin
reducing

Front 11

if glycogen granules get too big, they can cause ...

Back 11

problems

Front 12

we ingest starch, lactose, and sucrose, and after being broken down in the stomach and large intestine, we take up what 3 things?

Back 12

glucose
fructose
galactose

Front 13

5 types (classifications) of lactose intolerance:

1) ... lactase deficiency in infants and children (not expressing the ...)
2) ... lactase deficiency in premature infants
3) acquired isolated lactase deficiency
4) lactase deficiency secondary to ... diseases
5) lactase deficiency secondary to insufficient mucosal contact time (due to "nervous stomach")

Back 13

congenital
enzyme
temporary
intestinal

Front 14

Lactose is normally broken down in the ...

If a lot of lactose gets to the lower intestine, leads to problems (... created --> bloating, gas) --> watery diarrhea

All that water being sucked out --> ...

Back 14

upper intestine
osmotic diureses
dehydration

Front 15

Insulin response:

Signal transduction mechanism activates a tyrosine kinase

Phosphorylation cascade.

... is activated in signal transduction cascade. Causes phosphorylation cascade.

No G-protein involved in ... receptor (that’s in glucagon world)

Vesicles (glucose transporters) are inserted into the ... Allows cell to be able to take up the glucose.

When insulin goes away, phosphatase dephosphorylates everything, and now endosomes can be taken back up.

Back 15

PI3 kinase
insulin
membrane

Front 16

glucose and galactose can get together and form a ... (available in mammary glands)

Back 16

lactose

Front 17

3 different ways that glucose can be taken up

-GLUT #,# (through red blood cell and brain)
-GLUT # (liver)
-GLUT # (adipose tissue and muscle)

Back 17

1,3
2
4

Front 18

The ... is the buffer, the one that controls blood glucose levels. It can handle glucose at infinitum.

Back 18

liver