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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
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a. Gas exchange between air and blood (O2 and CO2)
b. Move air to “exchange surfaces” (air sacs, simple squamous epithelial) c. Protection of all respiratory surfaces (mucous) d. Produce sounds for communication e. Olfaction sense (smell!) |
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What is the respiratory mucosa and its function
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a. Trap bacteria before going into system because sticky. (Nose hairs, cilia, saliva, mucous)
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What is bronchiodilation and bronchioconstriction and where do they occur?
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a.Bronchiodilation- increased diameter of bronchiole, smooth muscle relaxes to widen. (increase in partial pressure of CO2)
b. Bronchioconstriction- tighten bronchiole, allergens, asthma attack, stop breathing. (decrease partial pressure of CO2) |
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What are the alveoli, what is the role of the alveoli, what is their structure, and what are the types of cells that make up the alveoli?
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a. Alveoli are air-filled sacs like balloons, they have Type I (epithelial lining cells), Type II (surfactant secreting cells) and Macrophages
b. Thin epithelial layer arranged with capillary bed allows simple air-blood barrier and gas exchange. |
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What is surfactant?
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a. Liquid substance released in alveoli to make sure stay inflated
b. Alter surface-tension inside sac |
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What are the components of the pleural membrane and what is its role?
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a. Pleural membrane is double-walled (2 layers)
i. Visceral Pleura- Inner layer touches lungs ii. Parietal Pleura- Outer, touches thoracic cavity b. Lubricant to reduce friction and contact with thoracic organs |
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What is Boyle’s Law?
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a. Pressure and Volume have an inverse relationship
b. P= 1/V therefore if: pressure ↑ then volume ↓. If pressure ↓ then volume ↑. |
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How does pressure allow for air flow into the lungs?
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a. Volume in thoracic cavity increases when diaphragm contracts (pulls pleura with it)
b. Pressure in thoracic cavity decreases: SO pressure in room > pressure in lungs c. Pressure moves from high concentration (room) to low concentration (lung) d. Relax diaphragm (pushes up) decreases volume, increasing pressure |
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What are the steps involved in ventilation?
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a. Volume in thoracic cavity increases when diaphragm contracts (pulls pleura with it)
b. Pressure in thoracic cavity decreases: SO pressure in room > pressure in lungs c. Pressure moves from high concentration (room) to low concentration (lung) d. Relax diaphragm (pushes up) decreases volume, increasing pressure |
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What is compliance and why is it important?
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a. When alveoli/lungs fill up with air, expand in size, and empty out it requires 0 effort
b. Elastic fibers surrounding alveolar sacs allow for auto-recoil |
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What muscles are used in inspiration?
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i. 75% diaphraghm
ii. Sternocleimastoid (pull up clavicle to make space) iii. Serratus anterior (oliques/ ribs) iv. Pectoralis minor (elevate rib cage) |
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What muscles are used in expiration?
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a. NONE are used at rest due to compliance but if you must:
i. Internal Intercostals (between ribs) ii. Rectus Abdominus, Internal/External Obliques, Transverse Abdominus (push up diaphragm) iii. Only way to exhale is to reduce volume of thoracic cavity |
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What is minute ventilation?
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a. Volume ventilated per minute
b. VE = RR * TV (RR is resp. rate- number of breaths per minute normally 12. TV is volume normally 500ml or 0.5 L) c. VE ≈ 12 * 0.5 = 6L/MIN |
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What is minute alveolar ventilation?
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a. Volume ventilated per minute that REACHES alveoli
b. VA = (TV-DS) * RR (TV is normal volume, DS is dead space, RR is breaths per minute) c. VA ≈ (500ml- 150ml) * 12 = 4.5L/MIN |
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What is anatomical dead space?
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a. Anatomical dead space is any part of the system that is not participating in gas exchange.
b. Conducting zone structures have NO exchange function |
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Tidal Volume
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(TV): amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500ml)
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Residual Volume
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(RV): Amount of air remaining in lungs after forceful/complete exhale. (male 1200ml, female 600ml)
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Total Lung Capacity
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(TLC): Max amount of air contained in lungs after max inspiratory effort.
i. TLC= TV+IRV+ERV+RV (normal male 6000ml: female 4200ml) |
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Vital Capacity
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(VC): Max amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with max effort.
i. VC= TV+IRV+ERV (normal male, 4800ml: female, 3100ml) |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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(IRV): Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal TV. Deepest possible breath you can take. (male 3100ml, female 1900ml)
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
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(ERV): Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal TV expiration. Most humanly possible amount exhaled must use muscles. (male 1200ml, female 700ml)
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What is Dalton’s law of partial pressures (what is a partial pressure?)
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a. Pressure of a gas is measured by its percentage in an entire mixture of gasses. (proportion)
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What gases make up the atmosphere and what is their partial pressure?
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a. Nitrogen (N) 78.6%
b. Oxygen (O2) 20.9% commonly 21% c. Hydrogen (H) 0.5% d. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.04% & others with very low percentage |
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How is oxygen transported in body?
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a. 98% is bound to Hb, 2% is dissolved in the plasma
b. 2-3% of Hb not full of 4 O2 |
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How is carbon dioxide transported in the body?
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a. 23% bound to Hb, 7% dissolved in plasma, 70% Carbonic Acid/Na+ Bicarbonate
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What is the function of the respiratory centers in the brain?
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In Medulla:
a. Ventral Respiratory Group- innervates accessory muscles, force breathing, force exhalation & force inhalation b. Dorsal Respiratory Group- innervates diaphragm “phrenic nerve” |
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What are the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers and what is their role?
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In Pons, anterior to medulla:
a. Apneustic- increase in DEPTH of breathing, increase TV taken from IRV and ERV b. Pneumotaxic- changes RATE of breathing, typically inhibits apneustic center |
