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122 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is the function of the motor division of the PNS?
carries information away from the CNS
What are the functions of the CNS?
receives, processes, and transfers info


what are the components of the PNS?
nerves outside the CNS
what are neurons?
specialized cells for communication

(generates and conducts electrical impulses)

what is the function of the motor division of the PNS?
carries info away from the CNS
what are sensory neurons
neurons found in the PNS that receive stimuli and transmit info to the CNS
what are the interneurons?
transmit info between components of the CNS
what are the three parts of the neuron?
cell body, dendrites, axon
what is the cell body?
main part of the cell



contains nucleus and most of the cytoplasm and organelles

what are dendrites?
small slender extensions of the cell body that receive incoming info
what is the axon?
long slender extension specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body
what do neurons generate and transmit?
action potential
what is action potential?
an electrical impulse that is the main form of communication throughout the nervous system
what is the function of the sodium potassium exchange pump?
maintain cell volume

establish and maintain resting potential by forcing sodium out of the cell and potassium in

what is resting potential?
measurable difference in voltage across cell membrane in a resting cell
what is graded potential?
transient local changes in the resting potential
what is summation?
graded potential that can add up in space or time

(may reach a trigger point that signals an action potential)

how is an action potential initiated
graded potentials reach certain threshold
what happens during repolarization?
potassium moves out
what happens during repolarization?
sodium moves into the axon and potassium moves out
how is the resting potential reestablished?
normal activity of the sodium potassium exchange pump
what does self propagate mean?
continuing to propagate itself in the next region of the axon
what is the all or none principal?
a neuron either reaches threshold and fires an action potential or it does nothing
what determines the strength of a stimuli?
number of action potentiala
what does stronger stimuli generate?
more action potemtials
what affects the speed of an action potential?
type of neuron

diameter of axon

what are the function of neuroglia cells?
support

protection


does not transmit action potentials

what are the functions of Schwann cells?
form myelin sheath in PNS

save the neuron energy


speed up transmission of impulses


helps damaged or severed axons regenerate



what is salutatory conduction?
leaping pattern of action potential conduction
what is the function of oligodenrocytes?
form myelin sheath in CNS


what are targets?
anther neuron

muscle cell


gland

what are synapses?
special junction between axon terminus and target cell
what are synaptic transmission?
transmission of impulse from sending a (presynaptic) neuron across synaptic cleft to receiving (postsynaptic) target
what does the response of a postsynaptic target cell depend on?
type of neurotransmitter

type of receptors


type of gated channels

what is the function of excitatory neurotransmitters?
depolorize the postsynaptic cell
what is the function of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
hypepolarize postsynaptic cell
what is the function of the neuron?
carries info to and from the CNS
what is the function of cranial nerves?
connect directly to brain
what is the function of spinal nerves?
connect spinal cord (31)
what is the function of the somatic division of the CNS?
voluntary: conscious control of skeletal muscles

involuntary: spinal reflexes

what is the function of the brain?
command center
what is the function of the hindbrain?
coordinates basic, automatic, and visual tasks
what is the function of the midbrain?
coordinates muscle groups and responses to sight and sound
what is the function of the forebrain?
receives, integrates sensory input, and determines complex behavior
what is the function of the medulla?
contrls vital automatic function (heart rate and breathing)

connects brain and spinal cord


motor nerves cross over here

what are the components of the CNS?
brian

spinal

what is the function of the cerebellum?
coordinates basic body movements

stores and replicates sequences of skilled movements (excessive alcohol disrupts function)

what is the function of pons?
connects higher brain centers to spinal cord

coordinates flow of info between cerebellum and higher brain centers


aids medulla in respiration regulation

how does the midbrain control vision and hearing?
coordinates movement of head related to vision and hearing

controls eye movement and pupil size

what is the function of reticular formation?
helps control muscle activity related to posture/balance

maintains wakefulness

what is the function of the hypothalamus?
homeostasis
what is the function of the thalamus?
receive, process, and transfer center
what is the function of the cerebrum?
language

decision making


conscious thought

what is the function of the cerebral cortex (grey matter)?
memory storage

abstract thought


conscious awareness


concious control of skeletal muscles

what is the function of the occipital lobe?
process visual info
what is the function of the temporal lobe?
interprets auditory info

comprehends spoken/writtenlanguage

what is the function of the parietal lobe?
receives and interprets sensory info from the skin
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
-initiates motor activity -speech -conscious thought
What is the function of al four lobes?
long term memory storage
What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?
controls level of sleep and wakefulness (serotonin for sleep and norepinephrine for wakefulness)
What does the hypothalamus serve as?
gateway to and from limbic system
Function of the limbic system?
-seek food, satisfy thirst -sexual gratification -behavior modified by cerebellum -pathways involving emotion and memory (short term memory)
What is short term memory?
-working memory -info from last few hours -stored in limbic system
What is long term memory?
-info from days or years ago -involves permanent changes in cerebral cortex neurons and synapses
What is a stimulus?
sensory input that causes some change within or outside the body (heat, pressure, sound, etc.)
What is a receptor?
a structure that detects stimuli and converts its energy into another form
How are nerve impulses transmitted?
from receptors to specific portions of the brain
What is the function of sensory adaptation?
allows the CNS to concentrate on important stimuli and ignore noncritical ones to maintain homeostasis
What receptors adapt?
-light touch -pressure -smell
What receptors do not adapt?
-pain -joint -muscle
Where do somatic sensations arise from?
receptors located throughout the body (temp, pressure, touch, vibration, pain, awareness of body position)
Where do special sense arise from?
receptors restricted to specific areas of the body (taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision)
What is myopia?
-near sightedness -distant objects focus in front of the retina -concave lenses correct this
What is hyperopia?
-far sightedness -near objects focus behind the retina -corrected with convex lenses
What is an astigmatism?
-irregularities in the cornea or lens -corrected with specially ground lenses that compensate for lens irregularities
What is rhodopsin?
a Moto pigment within rods (sensitive to light)
What is vision dependent on at night?
rods (no color vision; greater density of rods away from the fovea)
What are the three types of cones?
-red -blue -green
How does the brain interpret color?
by ratios of impulses coming from ganglion cells connected to the three cone types
What is the function of cones?
-responsible for visual activity -color vision (require stronger light)
What is the function of the outer ear?
receives and channels sound
What is the function of the middle ear?
amplifies sound
What is the function of the inner ear?
-sorts sound by tone -senses rotational movement -senses static position and linear acceleration (converts all to impulses)
What is the function of the sclera?
covers and protects eye
Function of the cornea?
bends incoming light
Function of the aqueous humor?
nourishes and cushions cornea and lens
Function of the iris?
adjusts amount of incoming light
Function of the lens?
regulates focus
Function of the ciliary muscle?
adjusts curvature of lens
Function of vitreous humor?
transmits light to retina
Function of the retina?
absorbs light and converts to impulses
Function of the macula?
central region of the retina with the highest density of photoreceptors
Function of the optic disk?
"blind spot" where optic nerve exits the eye
Function of the optic nerve?
transmits impulses to brain
Function of the choroid?
nourishes retina and absorbs light not absorbed by retinal photoreceptors
What do mechanoreceptors detect?
-touch/pressure -vibration -stretch -hearing -balance
What do thermo receptors detect?
temperature
What do pain receptors detect?
pain
What do chemoreceptors detect?
taste and smell
What do photoreceptors detect?
vision
What is the endocrine system?
a collection of specialized cells and tissues that secrete hormones
What are hormones
chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine system that circulate the blood stream and act on specific cells (target cells) in the body
What does the endocrine system interact with?
nervous system (endocrine is slower)
What are steroid hormones?
hormones that are structurally related to cholesterol and are lipid soluble
What are non steroid hormones?
hormones that are structurally related to proteins and are lipid insoluble but are water soluble
Function of non steroid hormones?
-bind to receptors on target cells -work through intermediate mechanisms to activate existing enzymes -fast acting
Function of ADH?
targets the kidneys to reduce the amount of water lost in urine
Function of oxytocin?
targets the uterus and mammary glands to induce uterine contractions and the ejection of milk from the mammary glands
Function of ACTH?
targets the adrenal cortex to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
Function of TSH?
targets the thyroid gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones
Function of FSH?
targets ovaries and testes to stimulate egg maturation and secretion of estrogen in females and to stimulate the formation of sperm in men
Function of LH?
targets the ovaries and testes to stimulate ovulation and secretion of progesterone in women and to stimulate testosterone secretion in men
Function of PRL?
targets mammary glands to stimulate the development of mammary gland cells and the production of milk
Function of GH?
targets most cells to stimulate growth in young individuals, help with cell division, help with protein synthesis, and with metabolism in adults
Function of the autonomic division of the CNS?
-controls automatic body functions of many internal organs -made up of two parts; sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (relaxation); both of these divisions enervate each organ
What does the autonomic division target?
-smooth muscle -cardiac muscle -internal organs
What are the parts of the outer ear?
-pinna -auditory canal
What are the parts of the middle ear?
-eardrum -maleus -incus -stapes -oval window -auditory tube
Function of the eardrum?
serves as a patrician between the outer and inner ear
Function of the auditory tube?
keeps atmospheric pressure
What is depolarization?
sodium move in
What is the function of the sensory division of the PNS?
carries information toward the CNS