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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the function of the motor division of the PNS?
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carries information away from the CNS
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What are the functions of the CNS?
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receives, processes, and transfers info
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what are the components of the PNS?
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nerves outside the CNS
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what are neurons?
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specialized cells for communication
(generates and conducts electrical impulses) |
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what is the function of the motor division of the PNS?
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carries info away from the CNS
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what are sensory neurons
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neurons found in the PNS that receive stimuli and transmit info to the CNS
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what are the interneurons?
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transmit info between components of the CNS
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what are the three parts of the neuron?
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cell body, dendrites, axon
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what is the cell body?
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main part of the cell
contains nucleus and most of the cytoplasm and organelles |
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what are dendrites?
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small slender extensions of the cell body that receive incoming info
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what is the axon?
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long slender extension specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body
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what do neurons generate and transmit?
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action potential
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what is action potential?
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an electrical impulse that is the main form of communication throughout the nervous system
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what is the function of the sodium potassium exchange pump?
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maintain cell volume
establish and maintain resting potential by forcing sodium out of the cell and potassium in |
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what is resting potential?
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measurable difference in voltage across cell membrane in a resting cell
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what is graded potential?
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transient local changes in the resting potential
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what is summation?
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graded potential that can add up in space or time
(may reach a trigger point that signals an action potential) |
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how is an action potential initiated
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graded potentials reach certain threshold
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what happens during repolarization?
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potassium moves out
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what happens during repolarization?
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sodium moves into the axon and potassium moves out
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how is the resting potential reestablished?
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normal activity of the sodium potassium exchange pump
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what does self propagate mean?
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continuing to propagate itself in the next region of the axon
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what is the all or none principal?
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a neuron either reaches threshold and fires an action potential or it does nothing
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what determines the strength of a stimuli?
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number of action potentiala
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what does stronger stimuli generate?
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more action potemtials
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what affects the speed of an action potential?
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type of neuron
diameter of axon |
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what are the function of neuroglia cells?
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support
protection does not transmit action potentials |
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what are the functions of Schwann cells?
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form myelin sheath in PNS
save the neuron energy speed up transmission of impulses helps damaged or severed axons regenerate |
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what is salutatory conduction?
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leaping pattern of action potential conduction
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what is the function of oligodenrocytes?
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form myelin sheath in CNS
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what are targets?
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anther neuron
muscle cell gland |
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what are synapses?
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special junction between axon terminus and target cell
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what are synaptic transmission?
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transmission of impulse from sending a (presynaptic) neuron across synaptic cleft to receiving (postsynaptic) target
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what does the response of a postsynaptic target cell depend on?
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type of neurotransmitter
type of receptors type of gated channels |
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what is the function of excitatory neurotransmitters?
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depolorize the postsynaptic cell
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what is the function of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
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hypepolarize postsynaptic cell
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what is the function of the neuron?
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carries info to and from the CNS
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what is the function of cranial nerves?
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connect directly to brain
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what is the function of spinal nerves?
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connect spinal cord (31)
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what is the function of the somatic division of the CNS?
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voluntary: conscious control of skeletal muscles
involuntary: spinal reflexes |
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what is the function of the brain?
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command center
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what is the function of the hindbrain?
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coordinates basic, automatic, and visual tasks
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what is the function of the midbrain?
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coordinates muscle groups and responses to sight and sound
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what is the function of the forebrain?
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receives, integrates sensory input, and determines complex behavior
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what is the function of the medulla?
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contrls vital automatic function (heart rate and breathing)
connects brain and spinal cord motor nerves cross over here |
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what are the components of the CNS?
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brian
spinal |
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what is the function of the cerebellum?
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coordinates basic body movements
stores and replicates sequences of skilled movements (excessive alcohol disrupts function) |
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what is the function of pons?
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connects higher brain centers to spinal cord
coordinates flow of info between cerebellum and higher brain centers aids medulla in respiration regulation |
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how does the midbrain control vision and hearing?
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coordinates movement of head related to vision and hearing
controls eye movement and pupil size |
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what is the function of reticular formation?
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helps control muscle activity related to posture/balance
maintains wakefulness |
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what is the function of the hypothalamus?
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homeostasis
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what is the function of the thalamus?
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receive, process, and transfer center
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what is the function of the cerebrum?
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language
decision making conscious thought |
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what is the function of the cerebral cortex (grey matter)?
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memory storage
abstract thought conscious awareness concious control of skeletal muscles |
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what is the function of the occipital lobe?
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process visual info
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what is the function of the temporal lobe?
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interprets auditory info
comprehends spoken/writtenlanguage |
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what is the function of the parietal lobe?
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receives and interprets sensory info from the skin
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
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-initiates motor activity -speech -conscious thought
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What is the function of al four lobes?
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long term memory storage
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What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?
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controls level of sleep and wakefulness (serotonin for sleep and norepinephrine for wakefulness)
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What does the hypothalamus serve as?
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gateway to and from limbic system
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Function of the limbic system?
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-seek food, satisfy thirst -sexual gratification -behavior modified by cerebellum -pathways involving emotion and memory (short term memory)
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What is short term memory?
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-working memory -info from last few hours -stored in limbic system
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What is long term memory?
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-info from days or years ago -involves permanent changes in cerebral cortex neurons and synapses
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What is a stimulus?
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sensory input that causes some change within or outside the body (heat, pressure, sound, etc.)
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What is a receptor?
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a structure that detects stimuli and converts its energy into another form
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How are nerve impulses transmitted?
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from receptors to specific portions of the brain
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What is the function of sensory adaptation?
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allows the CNS to concentrate on important stimuli and ignore noncritical ones to maintain homeostasis
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What receptors adapt?
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-light touch -pressure -smell
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What receptors do not adapt?
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-pain -joint -muscle
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Where do somatic sensations arise from?
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receptors located throughout the body (temp, pressure, touch, vibration, pain, awareness of body position)
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Where do special sense arise from?
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receptors restricted to specific areas of the body (taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision)
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What is myopia?
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-near sightedness -distant objects focus in front of the retina -concave lenses correct this
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What is hyperopia?
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-far sightedness -near objects focus behind the retina -corrected with convex lenses
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What is an astigmatism?
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-irregularities in the cornea or lens -corrected with specially ground lenses that compensate for lens irregularities
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What is rhodopsin?
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a Moto pigment within rods (sensitive to light)
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What is vision dependent on at night?
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rods (no color vision; greater density of rods away from the fovea)
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What are the three types of cones?
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-red -blue -green
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How does the brain interpret color?
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by ratios of impulses coming from ganglion cells connected to the three cone types
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What is the function of cones?
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-responsible for visual activity -color vision (require stronger light)
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What is the function of the outer ear?
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receives and channels sound
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What is the function of the middle ear?
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amplifies sound
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What is the function of the inner ear?
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-sorts sound by tone -senses rotational movement -senses static position and linear acceleration (converts all to impulses)
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What is the function of the sclera?
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covers and protects eye
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Function of the cornea?
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bends incoming light
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Function of the aqueous humor?
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nourishes and cushions cornea and lens
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Function of the iris?
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adjusts amount of incoming light
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Function of the lens?
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regulates focus
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Function of the ciliary muscle?
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adjusts curvature of lens
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Function of vitreous humor?
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transmits light to retina
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Function of the retina?
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absorbs light and converts to impulses
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Function of the macula?
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central region of the retina with the highest density of photoreceptors
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Function of the optic disk?
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"blind spot" where optic nerve exits the eye
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Function of the optic nerve?
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transmits impulses to brain
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Function of the choroid?
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nourishes retina and absorbs light not absorbed by retinal photoreceptors
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What do mechanoreceptors detect?
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-touch/pressure -vibration -stretch -hearing -balance
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What do thermo receptors detect?
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temperature
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What do pain receptors detect?
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pain
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What do chemoreceptors detect?
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taste and smell
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What do photoreceptors detect?
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vision
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What is the endocrine system?
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a collection of specialized cells and tissues that secrete hormones
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What are hormones
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chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine system that circulate the blood stream and act on specific cells (target cells) in the body
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What does the endocrine system interact with?
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nervous system (endocrine is slower)
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What are steroid hormones?
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hormones that are structurally related to cholesterol and are lipid soluble
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What are non steroid hormones?
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hormones that are structurally related to proteins and are lipid insoluble but are water soluble
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Function of non steroid hormones?
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-bind to receptors on target cells -work through intermediate mechanisms to activate existing enzymes -fast acting
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Function of ADH?
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targets the kidneys to reduce the amount of water lost in urine
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Function of oxytocin?
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targets the uterus and mammary glands to induce uterine contractions and the ejection of milk from the mammary glands
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Function of ACTH?
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targets the adrenal cortex to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
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Function of TSH?
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targets the thyroid gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones
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Function of FSH?
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targets ovaries and testes to stimulate egg maturation and secretion of estrogen in females and to stimulate the formation of sperm in men
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Function of LH?
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targets the ovaries and testes to stimulate ovulation and secretion of progesterone in women and to stimulate testosterone secretion in men
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Function of PRL?
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targets mammary glands to stimulate the development of mammary gland cells and the production of milk
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Function of GH?
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targets most cells to stimulate growth in young individuals, help with cell division, help with protein synthesis, and with metabolism in adults
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Function of the autonomic division of the CNS?
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-controls automatic body functions of many internal organs -made up of two parts; sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (relaxation); both of these divisions enervate each organ
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What does the autonomic division target?
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-smooth muscle -cardiac muscle -internal organs
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What are the parts of the outer ear?
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-pinna -auditory canal
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What are the parts of the middle ear?
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-eardrum -maleus -incus -stapes -oval window -auditory tube
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Function of the eardrum?
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serves as a patrician between the outer and inner ear
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Function of the auditory tube?
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keeps atmospheric pressure
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What is depolarization?
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sodium move in
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What is the function of the sensory division of the PNS?
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carries information toward the CNS
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