Exam 4

Front 1

3 types of microbial interaction

Back 1

commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism

Front 2

what is a normal flora

Back 2

an organism that live in or on the body

Front 3

how do normal flora benefit humans

Back 3

providing vitamins, eliminating toxins, and protect us from highly pathogenic organisms

Front 4

what are the types of normal flora

Back 4

resident normal flora and transient normal flora

Front 5

resident normal flora

Back 5

microorganism that live and grow on a particular body site

Front 6

transient normal flora

Back 6

microorganism that are present on the body for a short period of time

Front 7

what are the skin and ears norma flora

Back 7

staplycoccus

Front 8

what normal flora is the throat

Back 8

staphylococcus, streptococcus, anaerobic bact.

Front 9

what normal flora is small intestines

Back 9

enterococcus and lactobacillus

Front 10

what normal flora is the Genital Urinary Tract

Back 10

lactobacillus

Front 11

Vector

Back 11

organism that transfer microorganism from 1 host to another

Front 12

Reservoir

Back 12

were a micro is found

Front 13

Pathogenicity

Back 13

the ability to cause a disease

Front 14

Virulence

Back 14

the severity of a disease

Front 15

Complement

Back 15

a group of proteins that interact together to kill bacteria

Front 16

Cytokins

Back 16

a protein that regulate a certain aspect of the immune system

Front 17

Inflammation

Back 17

is a nonspecific response to injury or infection

Front 18

Mast cells

Back 18

tissue cells that function and is mediate of inflammation response

Front 19

list 5 steps to infect a host with a infection/ bacteria

Back 19

reath the host/ transmission, colonize, multiply, evade/survive host defenses, and have a means of harming a host

Front 20

list 6 ways to transmit an infection/ bacteria

Back 20

insect/animal bite, inhaling, ingestion, injury/trama, direct contact, and indirect contact

Front 21

what must a host cell be able to do to survive colonize

Back 21

must out complete normal flora for binding sites,not get eliminated from the host,with stand body defenses

Front 22

list 3 types of ways a microorganism can invade host tissue

Back 22

animal/insect bite, microbial penetration of host tissue, and injury/wound

Front 23

majority of the micros multiply successfully cause they are

Back 23

facultative intracellular parasites (grow inside cells in the body)

Front 24

list 7 ways to survive host defenses

Back 24

prevent phagoctosisby wbc, microbial protein is not recognized as being foreign, microbial protein is coated with host protein, intracellular growth, extensive destruction of tissue, antigenic variation, and enzymes degrade antibodies

Front 25

list 3 ways of harming a host

Back 25

extracellualar enzymes, intracellualar growth, and microbial toxins

Front 26

types of microbial toxins

Back 26

endotoxin and exotoxin

Front 27

exotoxin

Back 27

heat sensitve (cannot stand boiling)

Front 28

endotoxin

Back 28

heat stable (can stand boiling) gram (-) rods, its lipopolysaccharide

Front 29

list the types of exotoxin

Back 29

AB toxin, pore forming toxin, and Proleolytic toxin

Front 30

pore forming toxin

Back 30

form pores on the cell membrane result in leakage of cell content and then death

Front 31

AB toxin

Back 31

A component(toxic) and B component (attaches to target cells)

Front 32

Proleolytic toxin

Back 32

split or break an import protein in the host they disrupt neurotoxins

Front 33

Endotoxin in small doses

Back 33

is good for humans it promote fever, produce antibodies, and activate complement

Front 34

Endotoxin in large doses

Back 34

is bad cause it dont regulate body temp., DIC, vasodilation

Front 35

how do you classify a toxin

Back 35

cytotoxin, neurotoxin, and enterotoxin

Front 36

cytotoxin

Back 36

kills cells, degrade cell membrane, form pores on membrane,inhibit protein synthesis

Front 37

enterotoxin

Back 37

dont kill cells,instead secrete H2O and electrolytes

Front 38

neurotoxin

Back 38

dont kill cells,instead distrupt neurotransmission

Front 39

what is the 3 main defenses against bacteria

Back 39

physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity

Front 40

list 5 physical barriers

Back 40

gag reflexes,mucus membrane, tears in eyes, skin, peristalisis

Front 41

2 types of adaptive immunity

Back 41

humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

Front 42

in innate immunity what is the types of white blood cells

Back 42

neutrophiles, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophiles, basophiles, lymphocytes

Front 43

neutrophiles

Back 43

1st to arrive and polymorphonuclear leukorytes

Front 44

eosinophiles

Back 44

cytic infection

Front 45

monocytes

Back 45

circulate in the body and a mononuclear phagocytic cell

Front 46

basophiles

Back 46

least # of wbc and involved in allergic reaction

Front 47

Macrophages

Back 47

largest # of wbc and attach to tissue

Front 48

Lymphocytes

Back 48

involved in adaptive immunity

Front 49

list the 3 types of lymphocytes

Back 49

T cell (cell mediated immunity)and B cell(humoral immunity)and natural killer

Front 50

where do T cells mature at

Back 50

in thymus

Front 51

where do B cells mature at

Back 51

bone marrow and sometimes spleen

Front 52

what is the function for natural killer lymphocytes

Back 52

to kill viruses, cancer cells, and intracellular pathogens

Front 53

Cell mediated immunity

Back 53

regulated by T cells and cytokins (regulate certain aspect of immune system)

Front 54

Humoral immunity

Back 54

production of antibodies

Front 55

list the 5 cytokins (cell mediated immunity)

Back 55

Chemokins,Hematopoietins,Interleukins,Tumor Narosis factor,Interferon (IFN)

Front 56

list the 3 types of Interferon(is a type of cytokin)

Back 56

alpha ifn, beta ifn, gamma ifn

Front 57

Alpha IFN

Back 57

produced by macrophages and monocytes. In contain viral infection so it won’t spread and blocks viral replication and activate natural killer cells (type of lymphocytes, which is involved in adaptive immunity)

Front 58

Beta IFN

Back 58

produced by fibroblasts (tissue cells) have antiviral activities and regulate several aspects of immune system

Front 59

Gamma IFN

Back 59

produced by T cells and involved with immune regulation

Front 60

T cells have different types what are all of them

Back 60

t helper cells, T regulatory cells, T cytotoxic cells, T delayed type hypersensitivity cells

Front 61

T helper cells

Back 61

stimulate humoral and cell mediated immunity, produce cytokins, HIV kills T helper cells so AIDS patients is exposed to a wide variety of diseases

Front 62

T regulatory cells

Back 62

deactivate or turn off immune response and also serve as to protect against autoimmune disease

Front 63

T cytotoxic cells

Back 63

kills virus cells and stimulated by interleukin-2, this is produced by T helper cells

Front 64

IgG

Back 64

activate bact. and viruses
activate complement
neutralizes bact. toxins
croses placenta

Front 65

IgM

Back 65

polymer of 5 Ig molecules and usually 1st to antibody following the 1st exposure to antigen

Front 66

IgA

Back 66

occurs as a dimer of 2 Ig molecules and major antibodies in mucsoal secreation

Front 67

IgE

Back 67

antibodies involved in allergic reaction: mast cells have IgE receptors

Front 68

IgD

Back 68

least # of immunoglobin and found on surface of b cells and they interact with antigens that triggers activation of b cells

Front 69

name the 5 action of antibodies

Back 69

interaction with complement, opsonization(enchanced phagocytosis of wbc), neutralization of viruses, neutralization of toxins, and
ADCC

Front 70

chemokins

Back 70

attract phagocytes and lymphocytes

Front 71

hematopoientins

Back 71

regulate and stimulate growth and differentiation of wbc

Front 72

interleukins

Back 72

produced by mycotes and lymphocytes and they regulate response of other lymphocyts and hematopoietic stem cells

Front 73

tumor nacrosis factor

Back 73

kills tumor cells and have an important role in inflammation, promote fever and apoptosis

Front 74

interferon

Back 74

protein with antiviral activities and produced in resp. of viral infection, they were notice 30yrs ago

Front 75

what can excessive amount of immune complexes result in

Back 75

persisten infection with weak immune response,continued prod. of auto antibodies, ans repeated exposure to an allergy

Front 76

what is type 1 immune response

Back 76

allergic reation that occur immed. to a person then 2nd exposure to an antigen. mediated by IgE

Front 77

what is type 2 immune response

Back 77

caused by antibodis to tissue
ex. patient get wrong blood

Front 78

what is type 3 immune response

Back 78

caused by antibody-antigen complex. primarily removed by macrophages that are in liver, spleen, and bone marrow. it can accumulate in kidney and joints

Front 79

what is type 4 immune response

Back 79

mediated by Tdth cells. secrete cytokins that attract lymphocytes, macrophages, and basophls. if a large amount of these can cause tissue damage

Front 80

hypersensitivity reaction

Back 80

an exasrated immune response and occur in ppl who is exposed to antigen and the 2nd time you have immediate and delayed hypersensitivity

Front 81

what are the 2 types of hypersensitvity reaction

Back 81

immediate and delayed

Front 82

apoptosis

Back 82

programmed cell death