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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
TCA cycle is not used in the ... because there is no mitochondria.
it's used in the other 4 tissues which are ... |
red blood cell
liver brain muscle adipose tissue |
|
high insulin to glucagon ratio in the liver cell fosters uptake of ... and fosters ... (glucose to pyruvate) because we're converting excess glucose to fatty acids
|
glucose
glycolysis |
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Also fosters ... (formation of glycogen) in liver cell
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glycogenesis
|
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what enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA for entry into the TCA cycle?
|
pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
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If we are talking about entry into the TCA cycle, we are talking about ...
regulation of the TCA cycle has to do with ... and not ... |
acetyl CoA
acetyl CoA pyruvate dehydrogenase |
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which reaction is absolutely critical to have in the insulin world for the utilization of glucose? Without this reaction, we won't be able to take glucose and use it for energy and/or convert it into fatty acids for storage of that excess usgar in the form of fat in the form of adipocytes.
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pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
|
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in the insulin world, PDH is ... and ...
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dephosphorylated
active |
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In the liver cell, when there is a low insulin to glucagon ratio, it fosters ... (breakdown of glycogen), and favors ... (conversion of pyruvate to glucose)
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glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis |
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PDH reaction (active) occurs only in which world?
|
insulin world
|
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Mitochondria:
the respiratory stalks contains ATP synthase enzyme (which does the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP)and is integrally related to electron transport enzyme which are located on the ... |
inner membrane
|
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where are most of the TCA cycle enzymes located?
|
matrix
|
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1 or 2 of the enzymes from the TCA cycle are located on the ... as well
1 enzyme is an actual physical link between the ... and ... |
inner membrane
TCA cycle electron transport |
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when you hear electron transport, think ... and vice versa
|
TCA cycle
|
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase is not formally a part of the TCA cycle, but since we're usually converting it into ... for entry into this cycle, when you hear TCA cycle, think ...
|
acetyl CoA
PDH |
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alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase is a ... enzyme
|
TCA cycle
|
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PDH - decarboxylation of ...(3C) into a ...(2C)
Alphaketogluterate DH - decarboxylation of ...(5C) into a ...(4C) |
pyruvate
acetyl CoA alphaketogluterate succinyl CoA |
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what part of the mitochondria contains the soluble enzymes of the TCA cycle?
|
matrix
|
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what part of the mitochondria contains the enzymes of PDH, alpha-ketogluterate DH, and succinate DH?
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inner membrane
|
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what enzyme is complex II of the ETC and is the physical link between the TCA and ETC?
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succinate dehydrogenase
|
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the outer space is also known as the ... and it allows for the creation of a pH gradient
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innermembrane space
|
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the breakdown product of the glycolytic pathway is ...
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pyruvate
|
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the breakdown of fatty acids is known as the ... pathway
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beta-oxidation
|
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pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA via the ... chemical reaction
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PDH
|
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the end product of the TCA cycle is ... (with captured electrons)
it is funneled through the ETC |
NADH
|
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electron transport chain and ... are coupled together
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oxidative phosphorylation
|
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there are agents that will uncouple the oxidative phosphorylation of ... to ... from the ETC which leads to medically related issues associated with that uncoupling
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ADP
ATP |
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what is the predominant storage form of fatty acids in the human body?
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palmitic acid (C16 fatty acid)
|
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fatty acids are synthesized in the ... world and broken down in the ... world
|
insulin
glucagon |
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ketone bodies are synthesized in the ... world and broken down in the ... world
|
glucagon
glucagon |
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sugars (galactose, glucose, and fructose) are usually broken down in the ... pathway, broken down to pyruvate, and then pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
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glycolytic
|
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you can have an alpha-keto acid of any chain length. They are derived directly from ...
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amino acids
|
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alanine is a 3C AA. When you pull the nitrogen off and put the oxygen on, you now have a 3C ... acid
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alpha-keto
|
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pyruvate comes from what amino acid?
|
Alanine
|
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Ethanol, a 2C entity, can readily and easily be converted into ...
The bad news is that it disrupts the reduction potential of the cell (the NADH/NAD ratio). When you break something down, you strip it of ... When we break down ethanol, we generate lots of NADH, which is counter productive to the cell |
acetyl CoA
electrons |
|
pyruvate, ethanol, the fatty acid palmitate, the ketone body acetoacetate, the sugar glucose, and the amino acid alanine are all compounds that generate ...
|
acetyl CoA
|
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the purpose of the TCA cycle is to generate ... for entry into the electron transport chain
|
NADH
|
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the 2 CO2's generated in the TCA cycle came from ...
|
acetyl CoA
|
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what are the two most important chemical reactions in the TCA cycle?
what is lost in these 2 steps of the chemical reactions? |
ICDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase)
alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase acetyl CoA |
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you (can or cannot) do any biosynthetic work with acetyl CoA once it gets into the TCA cycle.
|
cannot
|
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are you able to take fatty acids and convert them back into sugar?
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NO
|
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You can do no .... work in the mitochondria because you have blown off the carbons from acetyl CoA
|
biosynthetic
|
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how many carbons does oxaloacetate carry?
|
4
|
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how many carbons does citrate carry?
|
6
|
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2 key enzymes:
-... (breaks down C6 to C5) --> traps e- on back of ... = oxidative decarboxylation, which generates electrons and ... -... (C5-C4) - another ... and ... generated |
-ICDH(isocitrate dehydrogenase)
-NADH -CO2 -alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase -NADH -CO2 |
|
succinyl CoA has ... carbons and contains a ... linkage.
Does a ... phosphorylation Important to remember because a GTP is generated |
4
thioester substrate level |
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where does GTP come from?
|
substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle
|
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another ... is generated in the malate dehydrogenase chemical reaction
|
NADH
|
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... formation = substrate level phosphorylation
|
GTP
|
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what molecule is a short chain di-carboxylic acid?
|
succinate
|
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when you hear dehydrogenase, think about...
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putting electrons onto something
|
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when you hear succinate dehydrogenase, think ...
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FADH
|
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what is the chemical reaction that generates FADH?
|
succinate dehydrogenase
|
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what are the 3 chemical reactions that generate NADH?
|
MDH (malate dehydrogenase)
ICDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase) alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase |
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what is important for energy production and also in the production of sugar (biosynthetic work)?
|
malate
|
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2 main functions of TCA cycle:
-generate ... -do ... work (taking off malate and citrate) |
energy
biosynthetic |
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If you pluck of malate to do something else, TCA cycle ... (problem since it's the major energy source for cell).
|
slows down
|
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... is important for fatty acid biosynthesis
|
citrate
|
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what TCA intermediate is involved in fatty acid synthesis? (predominantly in insulin world)
|
citrate
|
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what TCA intermediate is involved in amino acid synthesis only?
|
oxaloacetate
|
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precursor for heme biosynthesis is ...
|
succinyl CoA
|
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what TCA intermediate is involved with gluconeogenesis?
(predominantly in liver in glucagon world) |
malate
|
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what TCA intermediate is involved with amino acid synthesis and neurotransmitter (brain)?
|
alpha-ketogluterate
|
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what is the 2nd ABC enzyme and is one of the only enzymes that is active in both the insulin world and the glucagon world?
|
pyruvate carboxylase
|
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what does ABC enzyme stand for?
|
utilizes ATP
requires biotin C4 carboxylase (carboxylation reaction - 3C-->4C) |
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what is the 1st ABC enzyme and is active and dephosphorylated in the insulin world?
|
acetyl CoA carboxylase
|
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what activates (and is the regulator for) pyruvate carboxylase?
|
acetyl CoA
|
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As citrate is taken off for ..., TCA cycle is slowing down and ... is building up. This shuts the ... chemical reaction off (momentarily)
|
fatty acid biosynthesis
acetyl CoA PDH |
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in the insulin world, we are switching back and forth between PDH and ... for every FA that is made
|
pyruvate carboxylase
|
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pyruvate carboxylase is an ... reaction (a reaction that refills)
-it replenishes C4s in the insulin world |
anapleurotic
|
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In glucagon world, integrally related conversion of pyruvate to ... for gluconeogenic production
|
malate
|
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The TCA cycle is not ... regulated.
-it's regulated by ... level and ... ratio. |
hormone
NADH ATP/ADP |
|
high NADH --> ... ATP
(energy ... state) |
high
fed |
|
low ATP --> ... ADP
high ADP --> ... NAD+ (energy ... state) |
high
high starved |
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true or false:
TCA cycle is almost never turned off |
true
|
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In energy fed state (NADH), you turn the cycle (on or off), and in energy starved state (ADP) you turn the cycle (on or off)
|
off
on |
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what is the first irriversable step once your in the TCA cycle?
-highly regulated -most important enzyme in regulation of TCA cycle |
ICDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase)
|
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isocitrate dehydrogenase:
-what 2 things activate the cycle? -what inhibits the cycle? |
ADP and Ca2+
NADH |
|
Calcium is a ... regulator. When muscle contraction is going on, it stimulates TCA cycle in order to make sure there is enough energy to contract the muscle
|
physiological
|
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what are the 3 basic enzyme components for ecoli PDH complex?
this enzyme is big and cubed shaped |
E1, E2, and E3
|
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what are the 5 cofactors that PDH uses?
|
CoASH (coenzyme A)
NAD+ Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) Lipoic acid FAD |
|
what syndrome to alcoholics often suffer from?
-thiamine deficiency -they don't have enough energy from the TCA cycle |
Warnike's korcicoff syndrome
|
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PDH regulation:
ADP and pyruvate will (activate or inhibit) kinase, keeping an (active or inactive) form of PDH |
inhibit
active |
|
ADP and pyruvate (stimulate or turn off) PDH
Acetyl CoA and NADH will (stimulate or turn off) PDH Calcium will ... PDH |
stimulate
turn off activate |