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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what does attenuated mean? |
weakened |
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asymptomatic means? |
without symptoms |
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live attenuated vaccines are designed to |
produce an infection without symptoms |
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live attenuated vaccines generate an immune response similar to |
natural infection but without causing illness and without spreading onward to infect other individuals |
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how are attenuated vaccines made? |
they can be made from either viruses or bacteria but more commonly involve viruses |
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list the 4 steps associated with live attenuated vaccines |
1. virus strain is selected 2. virus is grown repeatedly in-or passed through-cell cultures 3. the live but attenuated vaccine is injected 4. immune response is evoked |
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LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES what is involved once the virus strain is selected? |
researchers must first isolate a virus with which to develop a vaccine. among other criteria, it must be possible to grow this virus in the laboratory |
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LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES what is involved once the virus is grown repeatedly in-or passed through-cell cultures? |
-the selected virus is grown repeatedly through serial passages in the cell culture or other mediums -viruses with low virulence are selected. these attenuated strains are then produced in large quantities and prepared for use as a vaccine |
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LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES what is involved once the live but attenuated vaccine is injected? |
though the vaccine viruses cannot replicate enough to cause illness, they multiply sufficiently within the host to evoke an immune response. |
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give 3 examples of live attenuated vaccines |
measles mumps rubella |
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LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES what is involved once the immune response is evoked? |
live attenuated virus vaccines evoke a strong immune response because they stimulate both memory B cells and memory T cells. Humans can often gain long-term immunity from an attenuated vaccine just after one or two doses. |
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inactive vaccines are sometimes referred to as |
killed vaccines |
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which vaccines were among the earliest vaccines to be developed? |
inactive vaccines |
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inactive vaccines generally have |
fewer side effects than attenuated vaccines, but tend to evoke a less robust immune response than live vaccines |
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inactive vaccines can be made for |
viruses or bacteria |
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list the 5 steps associated with inactive vaccines |
1. bacterial or viral strain is selected 2. pathogen is inactivated using heat or chemicals 3. vaccine is produced 4. inactivated (killed) pathogen is injected 5. immune system response is evoked |
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INACTIVE VACCINES what is involved once the bacterial or viral strain is selected? |
whole viruses or bacteria are extracted and grown in a culture |
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INACTIVE VACCINES what is involved once pathogen is inactivated using heat or chemicals? |
-here viruses or bacteria are inactivated/killed by chemicals, such as formalin or formaldehyde -in some cases bacteria instead be inactivated with heat |
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INACTIVE VACCINES what is involved once the vaccine is produced? |
these inactivated viruses or bacteria are then reproduced in large quantities and prepared for use as a vaccine |
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INACTIVE VACCINES what is involved once the inactivated pathogen is killed? |
inactivated viruses or bacteria cannot cause infection but so stimulate B cells to produce antibodies |
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give 2 examples of inactivated viral vaccines |
polio hep A |
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INACTIVE VACCINE what is involved once the immune system response is evoked? |
several doses of booster shots are typically required to create an effective response |
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describe a subunit/conjugate vaccine |
a specific protein or carbohydrate that induces a proactive immune response is isolated for use in a vaccine |
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what type of vaccine is an influence vaccine? |
subunit/conjugate vaccine |
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how are influenza vaccines made? |
they may be made using proteins from the surface of the virus
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pertussis vaccine is what type of vaccine? |
subunit vaccine for bacteria |
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list the 5 steps involved with subunit/conjugate vaccines |
1. complete virus or bacteria strain is selected
2. part of the pathogen that evokes a protective immune response is isolated 3. part of the pathogen is presented alone or used to create a recombinant vaccine 4.vaccine material is injected 5. immune response is evoked |
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SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE what is involved once the complete virus or bacteria strain is selected? |
a complete virus or bacterium is necessary to identify the essential antigens for vaccine production |
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SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE what is involved once part of pathogen that evokes a protective immune response is isolated? |
these vaccines only use part of the pathogen that elicits an immune response-the antigens |
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subunit vaccines contain how many antigens? |
as few as one or more than 20 antigens |
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SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE what is involved once part of the pathogen is presented alone or used to create recombinant vaccine? |
-some subunit vaccines present isolated proteins as antigens on their own -a gene coding for a certain protein can be inserted into another microbe, or into producer cells in culture--when carrier microbe reproduces or the cell producer metabolizes, the vaccine protein is created as well-->creates subunit vaccine called recombinant vaccine |
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hep b is an example of what type of vaccine? |
recombinant vaccine |
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SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE what is involved when an immune response is evoked? |
subunit and conjugate vaccines evoke an immune response to one or more antigens which will provide future protection against the pathogen they were isolated from |
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can SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE cause illness? why? |
no they cannot cause illness, as they do not contain the entire pathogen |
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describe what happens when a carbohydrate from a pathogen are used for a vaccine |
an additional step may be required to induce immunity to infants whose immunity system can't see them, therefore the carbs are chemically conjugated to linked with a carrier protein--> a protein from a different agent |
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give 2 examples of conjugated vaccines |
pediatric pneumococcal and hib vaccines for viruses and bacteria |
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what is the second leading cause of death in the united states? |
cancer--> 30% attributed to lung cancer |
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all cancer is caused by |
an abnormality in genetic material |
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cancer cells lose their ability to be programmed and |
continue to multiply regardless of the number or times |
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describe how cancer cells can differentiate |
they revert from being specific cells to nonspecific cells like stem cells |
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abnormalities in genetic material may result from |
1. carcinogens 2. random occurrence in DNA replication 3. inherited |
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example of carcinogens |
tobacco smoke-50 known carcinogens radiation-sun chemicals infectious disease-hep b, stomach cancer |
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examples of random occurrences in DNA replication |
philadelphia chromosome causing leukemia
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examples of inherited cancer |
breast cancer |
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what is the treatment strategy for cancer? |
ultimate goal is to cure cancer |
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what does "cure" mean |
eradication of every neoplastic cell |
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if a cure is not possible, then the treatment for cancer is called |
palliative therapy |
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what is the goal of palliative therapy? |
to have the patient live as normal a life as possible, with no pain -prolong life, quality of life -avoidance of life threatening toxicity |
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if cure is possible then: step 1 & 2 |
step 1. reduce neoplastic cell burden by debunking with surgery and/or radiation step 2. chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or combo |
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chemotherapy is indicated when |
neoplasms are disseminated and not amenable to surgery (blood cancers) |
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chemotherapy is adjunct to |
surgery attacking micro metastases |
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tumors most susceptible to chemotherapy are |
undifferentiated high-growth fractions |
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anti-cancer drugs are very similar to |
antibiotics, take multiple at a time |
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why is it difficult to kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells? |
because tumor cells are similar to non-cancer cells |
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how is medicine attempting to differentiate tumor cells from non cancer cells? |
agents that incorporate monoclonal antibodies and target specific types of cells |
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cancer cells multiply at a ____ rate than normal cells |
faster |
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most cancer drugs either interfere with |
DNA and protein synthesis or inhibit the formation of microtubules and stop mitosis |
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cell cycle specific drugs are effective for |
high growth malignancies such as leukemia |
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give 2 examples of cell-cycle specific drugs |
1. antimetabolites 2. microtubule inhibitors |
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antimetabolites interfere with |
availability of normal nucleotide precursors and therefore the cell cannot make DNA |
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microtubule inhibitors inhibit |
the cell cytokinesis and therefore multiplying |
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cell cycle non-specific drugs are effective for |
low growth malignancies such as solid tumors |
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cell cycle non-specific drugs are usually not the first choice for |
high growth malignancies |
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give an example of a cell cycle non-specific drug |
alkylating agents |
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alkylating agents covalently bond to |
nucleophilic groups on various cell constituents |
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alkylating agents are related to |
mustard gases and still the most toxic to rapidly dividing cells |
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certain ____ can be used as anti cancer drugs |
antibiotics |
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antibiotics for cancer work by |
interacting with DNA and can be classed as either cell-cycle specific or non specific, depending on the mode of action |
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list 4 adverse effects/problems with chemotherapy |
1. resistance 2. multi-drug resistance 3. toxicity 4. treatment induced tumors |
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explain the problem of resistance in chemotherapy
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since it can occur, it is usually short-term, intensive intermittent therapy. |
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what is administered in order to lessen the opportunity for resistance and also toxicity involved with chemotherapy? |
drug cocktails |
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give an example of a drug cocktail |
used for acute lymphocytic leukemia-->POMP Prednisone Oncovine Methotrexate Purinethol |
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toxicity problems associated with chemotherapy include |
vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia, myelosuppression |
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the adverse effects associated with toxicity to chemotherapy is due to |
a narrow margin of safety for these drugs |
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most of the adverse effects stemming from toxicity from chemotherapy are |
reversible besides cardiac, pulmonary and bladder problems which are irreversible |
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most anti-neoplastic agents are |
mutagens |
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cancer may arise in patients 10 years later because
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most anti neoplastic drugs are mutagens |
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treatment induced tumors are especially a problem with which type of anticancer drug? |
alkylating agents |
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what are pharmacologic sanctuaries? |
areas that are difficult to penetrate with anti cancer drugs |
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give two examples of pharmacologic sanctuaries |
CNS with the blood brain barrier and solid tumors where drugs can reach the outer cells but not the inside cells |
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hormonal agents may act as agonists that inhibit |
cell tumor growth |
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hormonal agents may act as antagonists that |
compete with growth hormones |
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adeno-corticosteroids may inhibit |
cell processes necessary for division |
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interferons stimulate |
certain immune cells which may act against tumor cells |