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84 Cards in this Set

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what does attenuated mean?

weakened

asymptomatic means?

without symptoms

live attenuated vaccines are designed to

produce an infection without symptoms

live attenuated vaccines generate an immune response similar to

natural infection but without causing illness and without spreading onward to infect other individuals

how are attenuated vaccines made?

they can be made from either viruses or bacteria but more commonly involve viruses

list the 4 steps associated with live attenuated vaccines

1. virus strain is selected


2. virus is grown repeatedly in-or passed through-cell cultures


3. the live but attenuated vaccine is injected


4. immune response is evoked

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES




what is involved once the virus strain is selected?

researchers must first isolate a virus with which to develop a vaccine. among other criteria, it must be possible to grow this virus in the laboratory

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES




what is involved once the virus is grown repeatedly in-or passed through-cell cultures?

-the selected virus is grown repeatedly through serial passages in the cell culture or other mediums


-viruses with low virulence are selected. these attenuated strains are then produced in large quantities and prepared for use as a vaccine

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES




what is involved once the live but attenuated vaccine is injected?

though the vaccine viruses cannot replicate enough to cause illness, they multiply sufficiently within the host to evoke an immune response.

give 3 examples of live attenuated vaccines

measles


mumps


rubella



LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES




what is involved once the immune response is evoked?

live attenuated virus vaccines evoke a strong immune response because they stimulate both memory B cells and memory T cells. Humans can often gain long-term immunity from an attenuated vaccine just after one or two doses.

inactive vaccines are sometimes referred to as

killed vaccines

which vaccines were among the earliest vaccines to be developed?

inactive vaccines

inactive vaccines generally have

fewer side effects than attenuated vaccines, but tend to evoke a less robust immune response than live vaccines

inactive vaccines can be made for

viruses or bacteria

list the 5 steps associated with inactive vaccines

1. bacterial or viral strain is selected


2. pathogen is inactivated using heat or chemicals


3. vaccine is produced


4. inactivated (killed) pathogen is injected


5. immune system response is evoked

INACTIVE VACCINES




what is involved once the bacterial or viral strain is selected?

whole viruses or bacteria are extracted and grown in a culture

INACTIVE VACCINES




what is involved once pathogen is inactivated using heat or chemicals?

-here viruses or bacteria are inactivated/killed by chemicals, such as formalin or formaldehyde


-in some cases bacteria instead be inactivated with heat

INACTIVE VACCINES




what is involved once the vaccine is produced?

these inactivated viruses or bacteria are then reproduced in large quantities and prepared for use as a vaccine

INACTIVE VACCINES




what is involved once the inactivated pathogen is killed?

inactivated viruses or bacteria cannot cause infection but so stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

give 2 examples of inactivated viral vaccines

polio


hep A



INACTIVE VACCINE




what is involved once the immune system response is evoked?

several doses of booster shots are typically required to create an effective response

describe a subunit/conjugate vaccine

a specific protein or carbohydrate that induces a proactive immune response is isolated for use in a vaccine

what type of vaccine is an influence vaccine?

subunit/conjugate vaccine



how are influenza vaccines made?

they may be made using proteins from the surface of the virus


pertussis vaccine is what type of vaccine?

subunit vaccine for bacteria

list the 5 steps involved with subunit/conjugate vaccines

1. complete virus or bacteria strain is selected

2. part of the pathogen that evokes a protective immune response is isolated


3. part of the pathogen is presented alone or used to create a recombinant vaccine


4.vaccine material is injected


5. immune response is evoked





SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE




what is involved once the complete virus or bacteria strain is selected?

a complete virus or bacterium is necessary to identify the essential antigens for vaccine production

SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE




what is involved once part of pathogen that evokes a protective immune response is isolated?

these vaccines only use part of the pathogen that elicits an immune response-the antigens

subunit vaccines contain how many antigens?

as few as one or more than 20 antigens

SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE




what is involved once part of the pathogen is presented alone or used to create recombinant vaccine?

-some subunit vaccines present isolated proteins as antigens on their own


-a gene coding for a certain protein can be inserted into another microbe, or into producer cells in culture--when carrier microbe reproduces or the cell producer metabolizes, the vaccine protein is created as well-->creates subunit vaccine called recombinant vaccine



hep b is an example of what type of vaccine?

recombinant vaccine

SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE




what is involved when an immune response is evoked?

subunit and conjugate vaccines evoke an immune response to one or more antigens which will provide future protection against the pathogen they were isolated from

can SUBUNIT/CONJUCATE VACCINE cause illness? why?

no they cannot cause illness, as they do not contain the entire pathogen

describe what happens when a carbohydrate from a pathogen are used for a vaccine

an additional step may be required to induce immunity to infants whose immunity system can't see them, therefore the carbs are chemically conjugated to linked with a carrier protein--> a protein from a different agent

give 2 examples of conjugated vaccines

pediatric pneumococcal and hib vaccines for viruses and bacteria

what is the second leading cause of death in the united states?

cancer--> 30% attributed to lung cancer

all cancer is caused by

an abnormality in genetic material

cancer cells lose their ability to be programmed and

continue to multiply regardless of the number or times

describe how cancer cells can differentiate

they revert from being specific cells to nonspecific cells like stem cells

abnormalities in genetic material may result from

1. carcinogens


2. random occurrence in DNA replication


3. inherited

example of carcinogens

tobacco smoke-50 known carcinogens


radiation-sun


chemicals


infectious disease-hep b, stomach cancer

examples of random occurrences in DNA replication

philadelphia chromosome causing leukemia

examples of inherited cancer

breast cancer

what is the treatment strategy for cancer?

ultimate goal is to cure cancer

what does "cure" mean

eradication of every neoplastic cell

if a cure is not possible, then the treatment for cancer is called

palliative therapy

what is the goal of palliative therapy?

to have the patient live as normal a life as possible, with no pain


-prolong life, quality of life


-avoidance of life threatening toxicity

if cure is possible then: step 1 & 2

step 1. reduce neoplastic cell burden by debunking with surgery and/or radiation




step 2. chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or combo

chemotherapy is indicated when

neoplasms are disseminated and not amenable to surgery (blood cancers)

chemotherapy is adjunct to

surgery attacking micro metastases

tumors most susceptible to chemotherapy are

undifferentiated high-growth fractions

anti-cancer drugs are very similar to

antibiotics, take multiple at a time

why is it difficult to kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells?

because tumor cells are similar to non-cancer cells

how is medicine attempting to differentiate tumor cells from non cancer cells?

agents that incorporate monoclonal antibodies and target specific types of cells

cancer cells multiply at a ____ rate than normal cells

faster

most cancer drugs either interfere with

DNA and protein synthesis or inhibit the formation of microtubules and stop mitosis

cell cycle specific drugs are effective for


high growth malignancies such as leukemia

give 2 examples of cell-cycle specific drugs

1. antimetabolites


2. microtubule inhibitors

antimetabolites interfere with

availability of normal nucleotide precursors and therefore the cell cannot make DNA

microtubule inhibitors inhibit

the cell cytokinesis and therefore multiplying

cell cycle non-specific drugs are effective for

low growth malignancies such as solid tumors

cell cycle non-specific drugs are usually not the first choice for

high growth malignancies

give an example of a cell cycle non-specific drug

alkylating agents

alkylating agents covalently bond to

nucleophilic groups on various cell constituents

alkylating agents are related to

mustard gases and still the most toxic to rapidly dividing cells

certain ____ can be used as anti cancer drugs

antibiotics

antibiotics for cancer work by

interacting with DNA and can be classed as either cell-cycle specific or non specific, depending on the mode of action

list 4 adverse effects/problems with chemotherapy

1. resistance


2. multi-drug resistance


3. toxicity


4. treatment induced tumors

explain the problem of resistance in chemotherapy

since it can occur, it is usually short-term, intensive intermittent therapy.

what is administered in order to lessen the opportunity for resistance and also toxicity involved with chemotherapy?

drug cocktails

give an example of a drug cocktail

used for acute lymphocytic leukemia-->POMP


Prednisone Oncovine Methotrexate Purinethol



toxicity problems associated with chemotherapy include

vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia, myelosuppression

the adverse effects associated with toxicity to chemotherapy is due to

a narrow margin of safety for these drugs

most of the adverse effects stemming from toxicity from chemotherapy are

reversible besides cardiac, pulmonary and bladder problems which are irreversible

most anti-neoplastic agents are

mutagens

cancer may arise in patients 10 years later because

most anti neoplastic drugs are mutagens

treatment induced tumors are especially a problem with which type of anticancer drug?

alkylating agents

what are pharmacologic sanctuaries?

areas that are difficult to penetrate with anti cancer drugs

give two examples of pharmacologic sanctuaries

CNS with the blood brain barrier and solid tumors where drugs can reach the outer cells but not the inside cells

hormonal agents may act as agonists that inhibit

cell tumor growth

hormonal agents may act as antagonists that

compete with growth hormones

adeno-corticosteroids may inhibit

cell processes necessary for division

interferons stimulate

certain immune cells which may act against tumor cells