Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
hydrogen peroxide is in a stable form and is not a problem, but the reactivity of its ... is very much a problem
|
byproducts
|
|
|
what is the most reactive oxygen species?
|
hydroxy radical
|
|
|
anion and radical are generated as a result of normal ...
|
metabolism
|
|
|
we normally metabolize oxygen in the ...
|
ETC
|
|
|
... and ... can create a lot of damage within the cell (protein damage, membrane damage, DNA damage, mitochondrial damage, lipid peroxidation, massive influx of Ca2+, increased permeability, cell swelling)
|
hydroxide radical
superoxide anion |
|
|
when you hear lipid peroxidation, think ... (metabolism or toxicity)
|
oxygen
|
|
|
superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals are ...
They generate ... radicals and peroxide |
oxygen species
organic |
|
|
what is produced in bacteria during the respiratory burst to destroy invading organisms?
|
hypochlorous acid
|
|
|
hydrogen peroxide and iron is very (good or bad?)
iron and oxygen are very ... to one another anemic individuals could run into ... problems |
bad
attracted oxygen toxicity |
|
|
One of the ways to handle oxygen toxicity problems is using ...
|
vitamins
|
|
|
ascorbic acid = vitamin ...
alpha-tocepherol = vitamin ... trans-retinol = vitamin ... |
C
E A |
|
|
Ascorbic acid – ... soluble antioxidant
Vitamin A and E - ... soluble antioxidant |
water
fat |
|
|
oxidative stress occurs when the rate of ... production overbalances the rate of their removal by cellular defense mechanisms
|
oxygen species
|
|
|
oxygen can easily form the ... compounds
|
ROS compounds (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical)
|
|
|
The formation of these radicals can happen in an ... situation. We’re doing the same thing in the ETC.
Mitochondria needs to protect against oxygen radicals. Red blood cells also need to be protected against ROS. Also liver. |
uncontrolled
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most reactive oxygen species?
hypochlorate hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radical nitric oxide superoxide anion |
hydroxyl radical
|
|
|
problems in mitochondria.
... – extra electrons that leak can lead to ROS formation |
Leaky CoQ
|
|
|
Fenton reaction (think ...)
|
Fe (iron)
|
|
|
free iron and hydrogen peroxide together can --> real problems. Makes ...(very reactive) and ...(will increase pH)
|
hyroxyl radical
hydroxyl ion |
|
|
what is this?
Formation of lipid peroxide radical, a by-product of Eicosanoid Metabolism Can generate a lot of radicals very very quickly Lipid radical reacts and forms other lipid radicals --> chain reaction --> can cause massive membrane damage very very quickly |
free radical autoxidation
|
|
|
An elevated blood level of ... is a clear indicator of free radical oxidative damage
its levels can be measured |
Malondialdehyde
|
|
|
Vitamin E is an ... and protects against ...
|
anti-oxidant
lipid radicals |
|
|
Which of the following would you expect to be found in relatively high concentration in blood and urine samples taken from a patient who has recently suffered (1 hour) an MI?
Malonyl-CoA Malondialdehyde methylmalonic acid Methmalonyl-Coa Mevalonic acid |
Malondialdehyde
|
|
|
Amino acid oxidase (both L and D) use water, use oxygen, and generate peroxide
We need some helper chemical reactions (... reactions) Normal metabolism can generate ... Amino acid oxidases can be found in ... |
detoxification
peroxide peroxisomes |
|
|
Stage 1 drug metabolism.
RH (drug) is a hydrophobic compound. We will take oxygen and a hydroxyl group and put them on to make the compound sticky. Enzymes will be found on ... In liver, used to get rid of hydrophobic compounds **... is used. Very impt. Electrons are needed in order to glue things to it. Flavin nucleotide used as well. Not as important as ... No ..., no electrons. Have to be careful in overloading the enzymes. ... is necessary to do drug metabolism. Need to make the hydrophobic compounds more sticky for degredation |
ER
NADPH NADPH NADPH NADPH |
|
|
Phagocytic respiratory burst:
Cell is trying to protect against the bacteria. Cell brings out heavy artillery (compounds that are very reactive = ...) We want to make oxygen radicals in a very ... situation in order to degrade the bacteria. ... – good enzyme to have around because it generates an oxygen radical (in a controlled situation). Myeloperoxidase takes peroxide and turns it into hyperclorate to destroy the bacterium. ... is impt!!! |
oxygen radicals
controlled NADPH oxidase NADPH |
|
|
Cellular defense systems = Reactions that guard against oxygen radical formation.
1)... - Very therapeutic enzyme. Turns oxygen into peroxide. 2)... enzyme – detoxifies H2O2 to molecular waters and oxygens. Peroxisomes have high concentrations of .... Able to detoxify. |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Catalase catalase |
|
|
superoxide dismutase is found in such a high content in the mitochondria in order to guard against the formation of ...
takes that and makes H2O2 |
superoxide anion
|
|
|
the cell needs such a high content of peroxisomal catalase because it reduces ... to water and oxygen
|
hydrogen peroxide
|
|
|
glutathione is used in a ... reaction
|
detoxification
|
|
|
Glutathione detoxification reactions:
Glutathione ... takes H202 and makes water Helper enzyme = glutathione ..., which uses NADPH NADPH is extremely important for oxygen metabolism |
peroxidase
reductase |
|
|
... is a good starting point for reactive oxygen species and reactive nitro-oxygen species
nitrogen dioxide can be formed from smoking |
nitric oxide
|
|
|
You can get ... in the DNA as a result of exposure to nitrites
|
mutations
|
|
|
The level of oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is 10 times greater than to nuclear DNA. This could be due, in part, to which of the following?
-superoxide dismutase is present in the mitochondria -nucleus lacks glutathione -nuclear membrane presents a barrier to ROS -mitochondrial membrane is permeable to ROS -mitochondrial DNA lacks histones |
mitochondrial DNA lacks histones
|
