Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age differences
|
cross-sectional method
|
|
measures a single individeual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes
|
longitudinal methode
|
|
development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals
|
maturation
|
|
piaget's third stage (roughly age 7 to 11); the child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reveribility and conservation, but abstract thinking is not yet present
|
concrete operational stage
|
|
understanding that certain physical characteristics (such as volume) remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes
|
conservation
|
|
the inability to consider another's point of view, which Piaget considered a hallmarc of the preoperational stage
|
egocentrism
|
|
piaget's fourth stage (around age 11 and beyond), characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking
|
formal operational stage
|
|
piagetian term for an infant's understanding that objects (or people) continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched directly
|
object permanence
|
|
piaget's second stage (roughly age 2 to 7), characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think sybolically, but the child lacks operations (reversible mental processes), and thinking is egocentric and animistic
|
preoperational stage
|
|
piaget's first stage (birth to approximately age 2 years), in which schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities
|
sensorimotor stage
|
|
cognitive structures or patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grow and diifferentiate with experience
|
schemas
|
|
a strong affectiona bond with special others that endures over time
|
attatchment
|
|
an innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attatchment to the first large moving object seen
|
imprinting
|
|
kohlberg's second level of moral development, where moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society
|
conventional level
|
|
kohlberg's first level of moral development, in which morality is based on rewards, punishment, and exchange of favors
|
preconventional level
|
|
erikson's term for an adolescent's serch for self, which requires intense self-reflection and questioning
|
identity crisis
|
|
erikson's theory that indviduals pass through eight developmental stages, each involving a crisis that must be successfully resolved
|
psychosocial stages
|
|
an individual's innate behavioral style and characteristic emotional response
|
temperment
|
|
successful aging is fostered by a full and active commitment to life
|
activity theory
|
|
sucessful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society
|
disengagement theory
|
|
combining characteristics considered typically male (assertive, athletic) with characteristics considered typically female (yielding, nurturant); from the Greek andro, meaning "male," and gyn meaning "female"
|
androgyny
|
|
self-identification as either a man or a woman
|
gender identity
|
|
societal expectations for normal and appropriate male and female behavior
|
gender roles
|
|
primary erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (homosecual, gay or lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (hetrosexual)
|
sexual orientation
|
|
first stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by increasing levels of arousal and increased engorgement of the genitals
|
excitement phase
|
|
third stage of the sexual response cycle, when pleasurable sensations peak and orgasm occurs
|
orgasm phase
|
|
second stage of the sexual response cycle characterised by a leveling off in a state of high arousal
|
plateau phase
|
|
phase following orgasm, during which further orgasm is considered physiologically impossible for men
|
refractory period
|
|
final stage of the sexual response cycle, when the body returns to its unaroused state
|
resolution phase
|
|
beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality
|
double standard
|
|
fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity
|
perfomance anxiety
|
|
classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to describe abnormal behaviors; the "IV-TR" indicates it is the text revision (TR) of the fourth major revision (IV)
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
|
|
legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions, or are judged incompetent to manage their own affairs, because of mental in
|
insanity
|
|
serious mental disorders characterized by extreme mental disruption and loss of contact with reality
|
psychosis
|
|
persistent, uncontrollable, and free foalting anxiety
|
generalized anxiety disorder
|
|
intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions)
|
obsessive-compulsive disorder
|
|
sudden and inexplicable planic attacks' symptoms include difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, terror, and feelings of impending doom
|
panic disorder
|
|
intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
|
phobias
|
|
repeated episodes of mania (unreasonable elation and hyperactivity) and depression
|
bipolar disorder
|
|
long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleaseure, or maintain interest in life
|
major depressive disorder
|
|
imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli
|
halucinations
|
|
group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior; the individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations
|
schizophrenia
|
|
profound disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
|
antisocial personality disorder
|
|
impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image
|
borderline personality disorder
|
|
co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person at the same time, as when a person suffers from both depression and alcoholism
|
comorbidity
|
|
presense of two or more distict personality systems in the same individual at different times, previosly known as multiple personality disorder
|
dissociative identity disorder
|
|
inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significatn impairment of social and occupational functioning
|
personality disorders
|
|
abuse of, or dependenc on, a mood- or behavior-altering drug
|
substance-related disorders
|
|
rogers's therapy emphasizing the client's natural tendency to become healthy and productive' techniques include empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and active listening
|
client-centered therapy
|
|
therapy the focuses on faulty thought processes and belifes to treat problem behaviors
|
cognitive therapy
|
|
in psychoanalisis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents
|
free association
|
|
therapy to maximize personal growth through affecive restructuring (emotional readjustment)
|
humanistic therapy
|
|
freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts, which usually date back to early childhood experiences, into consciousness; also Freud's theoretical school of thought emphasizing unconcious processes
|
psychoanalysis
|
|
in psychoanalysis, the patient may displace (or transfer) unconcious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto the therapist
|
transference
|
|
rogers's term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
|
unconditional positive regard
|
|
pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
|
aversion therapy
|
|
group of techniques based on learning preiciples used to change maladaptive behaviours
|
behavior therapy
|
|
medications used to treat anxiety disorders
|
antianxiety drugs
|
|
madications used to diminish or elimiate hallucinations, delusions, withdrawal, and other symptoms of psychosis, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers
|
antipsychotic drugs
|
|
biomedical therapy based on passing electical current through the brain; used almost exclusively to treat serious depression when drug therapy does not work
|
electroconvulsive therapy
|