Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Vm |
measure of voltage gradient -voltage across the membrane
|
|
|
-70 mV |
Vm of resting cells |
|
|
Vm |
due to all charges components -sum of Ex for all ions -v at which electrical and conc gradients for a components are balanced |
|
|
graded potential |
-change in Vm -increased permeability and ions move -local change in ion flow (not in entire cell) |
|
|
a change from rest |
this is what happens when there is a graded potential |
|
|
depolarization |
cell becomes less negative --> stimulation |
|
|
hyperpolarized |
cell becomes more negative = inhibited |
|
|
repolarization |
cell goes back to resting potential |
|
|
increased stimulus |
this causes increases size of electrical activity |
|
|
increased distance |
this correlates with decreased size of electrical activity |
|
|
-quick, large changes in Vm -all or none event
|
in excitable cells, graded potentials can cause ? |
|
|
-V gated Na+ channels with inactivator -v gated K+ channels |
components necessary for action potential |
|
|
1. membrane at rest (-70 mV) channels are closed 2. local depol reaches threshold potential (TP) V gated Na+ channels open 3. Na+ influx, more depol, POS feedback 4. Na+ channels inactivated (not closed, garage door example) K+ channels open 5. K+ outflux; cell resting repol, Na+ channels cold 6. Cell hyperpolarize since K+ slow to close 7. K+ channels close; NEG feedback, return to rest |
7 steps of an action potential |
|
|
threshold potential |
-Vm required to activate Na+ channels -stimulus then generated by Na+ influx -weak depol = sub__________ __________ |
|
|
action potential |
-special case of graded potential -size is independent of the stimulus (think gun) |
|
|
-local anesthetics that block Na+ channels |
practical application of action potential |
|
|
-adjacent sections of the plasma membrane -no movement, just opening/closing of Na+/K+ channels in membrane -one starts the next (solve distance prob) -increased distance no change in size |
propagation down axon |
|
|
unidirectional flow of AP propagation |
-necessary for speed - due to hyperpolarization and -Na+ channels blocked |
|
|
myelin |
insulator -aids grades potentials and block action potentials -increases conduction velocity by adding ______ aided sections |
|
|
saltatory conduction |
describes how APs "jump" from node to node -graded potential in the myelinated parts and action potential in the nodes |
|
|
excitatory postsynaptic potential |
occurs when the presynaptic input causes depolarizing effect |
|
|
inhibitory post synaptic potential |
occurs when the presynaptic input causes a hyperpolarizing effect |
|
|
temporal summations |
-inputs that are the same, close together-summing one presynaptic over time |
|
|
spatial summation |
different, close together -multiple presynaptics at the same time -as if one bigger presynaptic affects the postsynaptic |
|
|
increasingly complex |
synpses can change info, more = _________ |
|
|
-availability of ntrans -Ca2+ availability -receptor availability -membrane potential |
presynaptic factors |
|
|
-receptor availability -membrane potential -other synaptic inputs |
postsynaptic factors |
|
|
-perception -voluntary movement -language -learning -memory |
cerebral cortex (cerebrum) involved in ______ |
|
|
clustered cell bodies |
grey matter |
|
|
myelinated axons |
white matter |
|
|
outer shell |
this part of the cerebral cortex is grey matter (nuclei) |
|
|
inner layer |
this part of the cerebral cortex is white matter |
|
|
ventricles |
4 chambers filled with fluid in brain |
|
|
pressure problem |
size of brain ventricles can create a __________ |
|
|
corpus callosum |
-massive bundle of axons -white --> myelinated -connects the two hemisheres
|
|
|
diencephalon |
older part of the brain composed of thalamus/hypothal |
|
|
thalamus/hypothal |
parts of the diencephalon |
|
|
thalamus |
-major relay station of motor control; crude sensation going through it -registering danger and getting a fast motor result |
|
|
hypothalamus |
-below the thalamus -homeostatic regulation; links nervous and endocrine systems |
|
|
forebrain |
=cerebrum + diencephalon |
|
|
cerebellum |
key to balance, muscle tone, coordination |
|
|
brain stem |
-key to life -cardiac, resp, digestion (swallowing, vomiting) |
|
|
spinal cord |
-gray matter -white matter |
|
|
interneurons, cell bodies and dendrites of the efferents, axons of the afferent, glial cells |
in the gray matter of the spinal cord |
|
|
bidirectional (dorsal and ventral side) |
in the white matter of the spinal cord |
|
|
dorsal side |
in spinal cord, where afferents come in |
|
|
ventral side |
in spinal cord, efferents come out here |
|
|
spinal nerves |
these exit via the vertebral column
|
|
|
cranial nerves |
these exit via the skull openings (foramen) |
|
|
gangli |
clustered cell bodies in the PNS |
|
|
nerves |
group of axons in the PNS |
