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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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saturation |
percent activated |
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low affinity |
harder to bind |
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high affinity |
easier to bind |
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signal transduction pathways |
activation converts signal into a response which are_______ |
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-change in membrane -alter metab (anaerobic/aerobic) -change in contractile activity (change in shape of cell) -secret product (to communicate w/ another cell) -change in proliferation or differentiation rate |
possible responses to a receptor bound signal |
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nonpolar/small |
ligand for intracellular receptors |
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cytosol nucleus |
where are intracellular receptors located |
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plasma protein |
intracellular receptor ligand needs what to get to the area (amphipathic molecule) |
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ALWAYS alters DNA use (increase/decreases, activate/suppress gene, protein syth) |
result of intracellular receptor |
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polar |
type of ligand for membrane bound receptors |
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polar ligand |
only the first in a relay of things that occur to elicit a response in the cell |
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-ion channel -enzyme (tyrosine kinase) -JAK kinase -g protein |
4 categories of membrane bound receptors
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change in charge distribution |
result when ion channel (ligand gated) is active |
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enzyme (tyrosine kinase) |
-does process over and over and doesn't get used up -kinase: does eq 1
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cascade of phosphorylations |
result when a receptor functions as an enzyme (tyrosine kinase)
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JAK kinase |
a shape change in this happes due to being associated with a receptor protein and can now do its job |
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synthesis of new proteins |
result when JAK kinase interacts with receptor protein |
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g protein coupled receptors |
described as being heterotrimeric |
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alpha, beta gamma |
three subunits of the GPCR |
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alpha subunit |
which subunit gets associated with GTP |
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Plasma membrane effector protein (PMEP) |
-interacts with a GPCR -receives the message and see some change as a result -can be an ion channel or enzyme ex. adenylyl cyclase ---> more cAMP made for one GP |
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adenylyl cyclase |
example of a PMEP -more cAMP made for one GTP |
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-amplification at each step -all responses |
keys of GPCR |
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-change membrane -metabolism -contractile fn (shape) -secretion -differentiation/proliferation |
categories of responses from one signal in GPCR |
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-cell will catabolize the messenger's signal -receptors (decreased affinity or 'Hide" receptors by endocytosing/catabolizing the receptor) -going after second messenger to regulate how much happens in the cell |
three ways to decrease a cellular signal |
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rapid |
nervous system is a _____ control system (when compared to endocrine system |
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nucleus |
cell body of a neuron contains a ________ |
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dendrites |
-can have 400,000 -gather info (ntrans/environmental stim) -increase the surface area (for receptors to be) |
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axon |
-nerve fiber -some longer than 1 meter -cell body to effector -delivers info (axon terminal releases ntrans) -collateral (branches of axon) |
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collateral |
-impulse can go down each one, ntrans can get released in more places -further influence
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myelin |
-one cell that wraps around axon may times -specialized extensions of the plasma mem -wrapped around axons for insulation |
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-schwann cells |
in the PNS -cover one axon -myelin cell |
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-oligodendrocyte |
-on the CNS -covers multiple axons -myelin cell |
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nodes of ranvier |
breaks in the myelin -expose axon to IF |
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glial cells |
-physcially and metabolically support the neurons -90% cells are -50% cell are these in the CNS |
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oligodendrocyte -microglia -ependymal cells -astrocyte |
4 types of glia in the CNS |
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microglia |
-macrophage like cells -cells that eat things that aren't supposed to be in the brain -immune systems in CNS (bloodborne ones do not go to the brain, need one in the brain) |
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ependymal cells |
creates boundary and prevents movement between normal IF and IF that is between neurons -IF/CSF barrier -regulate fluid |
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astrocyte |
-regulates CSF composition -removes K+ and ntrans,-can't have too much outside the cell bc it could overload the cells since K+ is inside the cells -can't have ntrans all the time, must be destroyed -stimulate tight junctions in capillary wall (BBB) -metabolic support:glucose and ammonia -neural growth -signal system |
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from receptor (or stimulus) |
info direction of afferent neuron |
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body, most of axon |
parts in PNS of afferent neuron |
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small axon |
Parts in CNS of afferent neuron |
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to effector (ie, muscle, gland, neuron) |
info direction for efferent neurons |
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most of axon |
efferent neuron parts in the PNS |
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small axon, body dendrites |
efferent neuron parts in the CNS |
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relays afferent to efferent |
info direction for interneuron |
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N/A |
interneuron parts in the PNS |
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all (by definition) |
interneuron parts in the CNS |
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1 to 10 to 200,000 |
ratio of afferent, efferent, interneurons |
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afferent axons |
these axons don't have the classic look = gather and send info via the axon |
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interneurons |
-how we define the boundaries in the CNS |
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electrical and chemical |
two types of synapses |
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electrical synapses |
-fastest type of synapse -two-way -via gap junctions -______ to gap jn to _______
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chemical synapses |
-most common type of synapse -one way -presynaptic and postsynaptic -IF between neurons
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convergence |
more presynaptics communicating with less postsynaptics |
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divergence |
less presynaptics going to more postsynaptics |
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electrical charge separation |
__________ cross plasma membrane due to distribution of charged particles |
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electrochemical gradient |
net gradient = concentration + electrical gradient |
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same (ie, Na+) opposite (ie K+) |
directions of electrichemical gradient can follow -can follow electrical or chemical or both |
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-exocytose intracellular receptor to PM -anabolize receptors (make more) |
how to increase # receptors on a cell |
