Exam 3 Entomology

Front 1

Beetles

Order ?

Back 1

  Coleoptera

Front 2

DNA and morphological evidence (e.g. the arrangement of neck muscles) support sister-­‐group relationship with the neuropteroids.

Back 2

Beetles

Front 3

Tend to have a very tough, I.E. highly sclerotized, Cuticle.

Particularly apparent in the forewings. Usually large prothorax

Back 3

Adult Beetles

Front 4

This is usually a thick shield and there are no wing veins.
Protects hind wings. and are usually elaborately folded.

Back 4

elytron (pl. elytra)

Front 5

(along with ants) are the most common insects on the ground, and in cryptic habitats close to the ground.

Back 5

Beetles

Front 6

Covers the abdominal spiricales and reduces loss of water from respiration

Back 6

elytron (pl. elytra)

Front 7

There is ample fossil evidence for early diversification, and there were already a huge variety of beetles by the ____

Back 7

Late Jurassic Period

Front 8

Do to there toughness, ____ are more apt to fossilized compared to many insect parts.

Back 8

Elytra

Front 9

Most diverse taxon known

Back 9

Beetles

Front 10

Beetles mouth parts

Back 10

Biting/ Chewing mouthparts

Front 11

Beetles are Holometabolous

Back 11

The larvae show a variety of forms

Front 12

Used as reptile food

Back 12

Meal Worms ( beetle Larvae)

Front 13

dark stout insects can be mistaken for?

Back 13

Beetles

Front 14

Adult Beetles don't have

Back 14

Cerci

Front 15

Beetle Suborders

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Archostemata, Myxophaga ( Few spp. and hard to find)

Adephaga, and Polyphaga (The beetles you will find)

Front 16

a small number of mostly families. ( some with lots of species) Most species are Predaceous.

Back 16

Adephaga

Front 17

Characterized by fixed hind coxae that divide the first abdominal sternite.

Back 17

Adephaga

Front 18

Only ~45,000 species. Many large, active predators that are easily seen

Back 18

Adephaga

Front 19

Adephaga's in terrestrial environments

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Ground Beetles and Tiger Beetles

Front 20

if you see a large beetle (e.g. 1/2) running across your path, chances are it is a

Back 20

Ground beetle

Front 21

Color of ground Beetles

Back 21

Most are Dark Colored and few are othe colors such as shiny green

Front 22

one group became a prime example in the political debate over organic evolution.

Back 22

Bombardier beetles

Front 23

Bombardier Beetles are Monophyletic

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FALSE

Front 24

Over 500 ground beetle species have this adaptation.

Back 24

The rear end of these beetles is a chemical cannon, able to spew boiling hot Quinones

Front 25

Forms from a highly exothermic and enzymatically controlled reaction.

Back 25

Quinones

Front 26

*Closely related to Ground Beetles.
* Often included in the same taxonomic family.
* Big Mandibles with spines.
* Large eyes
* Often with a beautiful color pattern,

Back 26

Tiger Beetles

Front 27

Are fast running visual predators, often found on bare and/or sandy sites.

Back 27

Tiger Beetles

Front 28

Adephaga in aquatic environments

Back 28

Diving Beetles
Whirligig Beetles

Front 29

Paddle with fringed back legs.
Dive to seek prey.

Back 29

Diving Beetles

Front 30

Some are quite large, e.g. 2" in length.
Although usually in water, they do fly and are sometimes found on land.

Back 30

Diving Beetles

Front 31

Diving Beetles breath under water using

Back 31

A bubble of air held under the elytra and serving the abdominal spiracles.

Front 32

A bubble that functions as a gill is called a

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Plastron

Front 33

Are aquatic predators but at the surface of the water.

Back 33

Whirligig Beetles

Front 34

Much like water striders, they hunt and comunicate using ripples of the water surface.

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Whirligig Beetles

Front 35

Ripples on surface water in Whrligig Beetles is detected by which organ

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Johnston's Organ

Front 36

Whirligig Beetles Paddle with

Back 36

The fringed legs that are rather short.

Front 37

An Unusual feature of whirligig Beetles is

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That the eyes are split so that they appear to have 4 compound eyes. 2 see above the water and 2 see below.

Front 38

All of these families in this suborder have predaceous larvae.

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Adephaga

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Most of the Beetles (~350,000 known spp.)

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Suborder Polyphaga

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They are defined by possession of a cryptopleuron, a prothoracic pleuron that can't be seen from the outside.

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Suborder Polyphaga

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Feather-winged beetles length

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< 0.25 mm.

Front 42

Longhorn beetles length up to

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20 cm

Front 43

Mostly predaceous. Distinguished by skinny shape and short elytra.
~45,000 described species. There are probably many more still to be named.

Back 43

Rove Beetles

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Permit greater movement of the abdomen, e.g. for spraying chemicals for defense or predation.

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The short elytra

Front 45

Closely related to rove beetles. There are only a few hundred known species

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Burying Beetles

Front 46

Most species in the family feed on carrion. relatively complex behavior in some includes completely monopolizing a small carcass.

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Burying Beetles

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*Buries the carcass and digs an underground chamber.
*Shapes the carcass into a sphere.
*Kills and fly eggs or maggots.
*Oviposits on the carcass and both sexes provide parental care.

Back 47

A mated pair: Burying Beetles

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has a depression in the top like a bird nest, and the larvae receive regurgitated food from the adults.

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The carcass

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American Burying Beetle

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Nicrophorus americanus

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is one of the few insects on the federal endangered species list.

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The American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus Americanus

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Egyptian >20,000 described spp.

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Scarab Beetles (scarabs)

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Has a stout shape, and many are relatively large.

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Scarab

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Many scarabs consume____

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Pollen

Front 54

Some have large root-feeding grubs you are likely to notice.

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Scarabs

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Adults who make a ball of herbivore dung and roll it away to use for larval food.

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Dung Beetles

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As with Carrion, ____ is an unpredictable and ephemeral resource and the object of intense competition.

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Dung

Front 57

It is the ____ that makes the ball. Females find a big dung ball attractive and will ride away on one.

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Males

Front 58

Dung Beetle Copulation occurs by

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Burying the ball then copulate underground next to it. The female then lays a few eggs on the dung.

Front 59

The scarab was a common sacred symbol. Ancient Egyptians saw an analogy between

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Rolling dung ball and the movement of the sun across the sky.

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When European livestock were imported to australia, the local dung beetles were not uo to the new menu. Grazing lands became a hard pavement of dried dung. The solution to this problem was____

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A suite of the European and African species were released in Australia.

Front 61

A couple of scarab species are also candidates for

Back 61

The heaviest living insects.

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Excavate galleries just under the bark in living trees.

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Bark Beetles

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Some spp. feed on the wood. Others carry a fungal inoculum that infects the tree and provides beetle food.

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Bark Beetles

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Once extremely common eastern US ornamental exterminated by a fungus 1930-1970's

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Dutch Elms caused by Bark Beetles

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Big current problem caused by Bark Beetles.

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Direct kill of pine forests.

Front 66

Cause damage either through direct phloem damage or as a disease vector, some spp. are major forest pests.

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Bark Beetles

Front 67

Some tiny bark beetles are attracted to the smell of ethanol ( the odor of a damaged tree). Just like

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Drosophilia ( fruit fly)

Front 68

Close relatives of bark beetles, and another hyperdiverse lineage.

Back 68

Weevils

Front 69

Most recognizable species of weevils are those with

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Long snouts

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Over _____ species of weevils have been described

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50,000

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Weevils are mostly ______, and include some serious agricultural pests.

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Phytophagous

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Adult feeding weevils often produce a characteristic

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notching of the leaf edge.

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Most damage caused by the larval stage

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The (cotton) boll weevil

Front 74

Introduced to S.E. USA from Mexico in the 1920's,

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Boll Weevils

Front 75

Both adults and larvae are notable predators* (there are some herbivorous species) on plant pests, especially soft bodied prey such as aphids

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Ladybird Beetles (not Ladybug)

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With their smooth shape and heavy cuticle that makes them physically resistant to ant attack or a similar assault.

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Ladybird Beetles (not Ladybug)

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Adult Ladybird beetles and larvae are distasteful to eat because of (which may be acquired in the diet or produced by the insects)

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Hemolymph alkaloids.

Front 78

Ladybird beetles can expel there toxin through weak spots in the cuticle, this process is called

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Reflective bleeding.

Front 79

Darkling beetles. This family includes the common genetics lab animals _____

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Tribolium spp.

Front 80

Many species over winter in large aggregations of adults

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Ladybird Beetles

Front 81

Fireflies a part of the _____ group

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Beetles

Front 82

The fireflies light producing organ is located at

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The tip of the abdomen

Front 83

Not all species or life stages in this family glow, but it is common for both larvae and adults.

Back 83

Fireflies

Front 84

Light production advertises

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Larval light production advertises the fact that they are poisonous. In adults it is used for courtship.

Front 85

In one genus of fireflies the females will mimic

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the flash pattern of a different species.

Front 86

Each species of fireflies has it's own

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Male and female signal patterns.

Front 87

One of a class of bioluminescent molecules is.

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Firefly luciferin

Front 88

the light emitting reaction includes a couple of steps ( general outline)

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Luciferin --> oxyluciferin + light. (in process O2 and ATP is consumed)

Front 89

In fireflies the reaction is extremely slow without an enzyme catalyst in this case it is

Back 89

Luciferase

Front 90

Fireflies control light production by controlling

Back 90

O2

Front 91

in it's original or genetically engineered form, it is now a valuable biotechnology tool.

Back 91

Luciferin

Front 92

Order Strepsiptera

Back 92

are parasites of insects. are obscure they are tiny (most <2mm), hard to find, and have extremely specialized morphology.

Front 93

The adults display extreme sexual dimorphism. (free-living adult males, females never leave the host)

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Strepsiptera

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Branched antenna, "raspberry" eye, haltere-like for wing, fan shaped hind wing with few veins, and non-functioning mouth parts

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Strepsiptera body structure

Front 95

Both sexes are internal parasites. The male pupates within the host but then emerges to fly away. He does not feed.

Back 95

Strepsiptera

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have almost no external features. She does not emerge from the pupal cuticle.

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Most adult Female Strepsiptera (There is a primitive strepsipteran family with free-living females.)

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The females ____ protudes from the host.

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Cephalothorax

Front 98

A virgin adult female release _____ to attract a male.

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a Pheromone

Front 99

A typical larva of a strepsipteran is called

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Triungulinids

Front 100

Grub like adult female Strepsipteran body structure

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Thorax, Head, Mouth, Mandible, Broad Passage Opening, Spiracle, Broad passage, Abdomen, Genital Openings

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Female strepsipteran give birth to

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Live crawling larvae that seek a new host.

Front 102

Strepsipteran larva invade hosts via which method:

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The larva dissolves the host's cuticle and invades a protective vesicle of host epidermis, within which it molt's into grub-shaped larva.

Front 103

The strepsipteran larvas method of host invasion evades ______

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Encapsulation, , the main host defense. Insects do not have acquired immunity.

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Strepsipteran hava a wide taxonomic range of hosts, but most are:

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Bugs, Bees, and Wasps.

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There has been endless debate about phylogenetic placement of Strepsiptera, But the two most popular hypothesis are:

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1) Strepsiptera are beetles.
2) Strepsiptera are the sister taxon of flies.

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Evidence that Strepsiptera are related to beetles includes:

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There resemblance to the parasitic Ripiphoridae.

Front 107

Evidence that Strepsiptera are related to flies includes:

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A close relationship with flies is mostly based on DNA, (some do not agree on how work was done).

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Evidence that Strepsiptera are related to flies would imply:

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That the mesothoracic and metathoracic segements switched places

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Order Mecoptera

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Scorpionflies

Front 110

Scorpionflies common name is a reflection of:

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The shape of the males abdomen

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Scorpionflies are closely related to:

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Flies and fleas

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Scorpionflies other common name is_____ which is a reflection of______

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Hangingflies, reflects behavior

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Adult Mecopterans hunt and scavenge for:

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Dead insect, with a particular specialty is stealing from a spider web.

Front 114

Courtship of Mecopterans often includes:

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A nuptual gift from male to female.

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The female Mecopteran allow copulation while:

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The food lasts.

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Order Siphonaptera.

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Fleas

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Fleas are:

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Are wingless ectoparasites, mostly of mammals. A small number of lineages have made the evolutionary host shift to birds.

Front 118

Fleas Body structure:

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As with other ectoparasites:
wingless, flattened shape, eyes reduced or absent, Generally tough, i.e. hard to squash

Front 119

The adult stage of fleas Remain on the host. T/F

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False, Some do some don't. Some inhabit the nest.

Front 120

Describe flea life cycle:
In most species the eggs and larvae occur off of the host.

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Eggs --> Larva --> Pupa --> Adult flea

Front 121

Adult fleas can withstand:

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Long periods without food, as such the pupa can delay adult emergence until stimulated by vibrations.

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Flea Larvae benefit from:

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The nutrients in adult excrement

Front 123

Inseminated females of one Neotropical group, Chigoe fleas, have a nasty habit of burrowing into your foot. This is called:

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Tungiasis

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Plague also known as: black death, bubonic plague, pneumonic plague. and is caused by:

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Yersinia Pestis

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The Bacterium Yersinia Pestis is transmitted by:

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The bite of the rat flea (Xenopsylla Cheopis)

Front 126

A diagnostic symptom of the plague is:

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Swollen lymph glands near the armpit or crotch, called buboes

Front 127

The most dangerous mode of infection of the plague is:

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Inhalation: This pneumonic transmission occurs in dense human populations. Death can occur in 36 hours.

Front 128

The first outbreak of black death was spread by rats/fleas along the:

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New trade routs from China

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During the 1400's _______% of the european population was wiped out.

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30-60%

Front 130

Order Diptera

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Flies, midges, gnats

Front 131

Diptera hind wings are modified gyroscopic organs called:

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Halteres

Front 132

Several families of Diptera visit flowers and mimic stinging Hymenoptera. This is especially common in:

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A group called hover flies or flower flies.

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The adult Diptera mouthparts are capable of ingesting only:

Back 133

Liquids

Front 134

Depending on the group the individual Diptera may or may not be able to:

Back 134

Bite

Front 135

Primitive Traits within Diptera

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Slender adults, Long adult antennae, If adults blood feeding, only female sucks blood, larva with a head capsule and eyes, aquatic larva, and pupa not enclosed in previous larval cuticle

Front 136

Examples of primitive adult Diptera:

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Mosquito, Crane fly, and Non-biting midge

Front 137

Examples of Diptera Larval stages of Mosquito, Crane fly, and Non-biting midge:

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Mosquito- Aquatic, Breathes air
Crane fly- Wet soil
Non-biting midge- Aquatic, Respires through cuticle.

Front 138

Advanced traits within Diptera:

Back 138

Stout adults, short adult antennae, if adults blood-feeding, both sexes suck blood, Larva without head capsule (=maggot), Larvae seldom aquatic but often in moist medium, pupa enclosed in larval cuticle.

Front 139

Examples of advanced adult Diptera:

Back 139

Bot fly, house fly, Soldier fly (an intermediate sp.)

Front 140

The Diptera pupa is inside the barrel shaped larval cuticle, which is called:

Back 140

The puparium

Front 141

The emerging Diptera adult breaks out of the puparium using:

Back 141

an expandable membrane on it's face.

Front 142

Long thin antennae with many segments. Nematocera

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Crane fly

Front 143

Only females bite. Brachycera, Orthorrapha

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Horse fly

Front 144

Females and males bite. Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha

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Tsetse fly

Front 145

Diptera which can cause problems through pain, blood loss, and allergic reaction.

Back 145

Mosquitoes

Front 146

Diptera which transmits a variety of disease organisms such as: Filariasis ( various species of filarial worm nematode), Dengue (a virus-Dengue fever), Malaria ( a protozoan)

Back 146

Mosquitos

Front 147

There are a large number of malarial pathogen spp. affecting a variety of host. The most dangerous for humans is:

Back 147

Plasmodium falciparum

Front 148

An alkaloid that can be extracted from Chinchona tree bark, is an effective anti-malarial treatment or prophylactic.

Back 148

Quinine

Front 149

(malaria) The plasmodium reproduces sexually within the mosquito gut, and an infectious form is passed via:

Back 149

The salivary glands

Front 150

(malaria) When host cells burst:

Back 150

Parasite metabolic waste products cause acute symptoms of the disease.

Front 151

(malaria) of Plasmodium invasion:

Back 151

In humans, the plasmodium invades and asexually reproduces inside liver (at first) or red blood cells( when the disease ramps up). While in the cell they are hidden from the immune system.

Front 152

Relapse of malaria is more common in some species because:

Back 152

As pathogens hidden in the liver emerge to infect the blood.

Front 153

The main pattern of symptoms of malaria in victims is:

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Periodical development of cycles of extremely high fever followed by chills (repeat, and generally feels really sick.

Front 154

The greatest danger of malaria is to:

Back 154

The greatest danger is for children exposed for the first time, and areas of unstable transmission, i.e. where risk of exposure waxes and wanes.

Front 155

Acquired immunity to malaria develops and is maintained if:

Back 155

Exposed regularly to malaria.

Front 156

There are a lot of other biting flies that vector disease.

Back 156

Sand fly, biting midge "no-see-um", Tsetse fly, and black fly

Front 157

Many fly larvae are phytophagous or saprophagous. Some examples:

Back 157

Gall midges- feed within plant tissue
Leaf miners
House fly- Manure rotting vegetation
Drosophilids- rotting fruit
Fruit flies- feed within plant tissue
Blow fly- carrion

Front 158

Examples of flys that are parasites, or parasites as adults or larvae:

Back 158

Hover fly, Robber fly, and Tachinid fly

Front 159

In many dance flies species males gather in huge mating swarms:

Back 159

Females visit the swarm and comparison shop.

Front 160

Adult dance flies are typically predaceous, and courtship often includes:

Back 160

A nuptial gift from the male.

Front 161

There appears to be an evolutionary progression in dance flies. Species vary in courtship behavior. Phylogenetic info indicates:

Back 161

*Solitary males that offer no gift.
*Solitary males that offer captured prey, e.g. a mosquito.
*Males with captured prey form a mating swarm ( same with all below).
*Male wrap the gift in silk. This delays the females' departure. Some times male drains prey of all nutrition first, then wraps it really well.
* Nectar feeding spp., but the male finds a dried insect and wraps it.
* just the wrapping, i.e. the ballon.

Front 162

Insect evidence at crime scenes is used for:

Back 162

Estimating time of death

Front 163

The Calliphoridae, is also called:

Back 163

Blow flies ( most measuring 5-10 mm in length)

Front 164

The other most common family is the Sarcophagidae, which is also called:

Back 164

Flesh flies ( these are very large <18mm but nondescript)

Front 165

Order Trichoptera:

Back 165

Caddisflies

Front 166

Trichoptera (caddisflies) are closely related to moths and butterflies. Traits that unite them include

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* Heterogametic females
* A dense covering of hairs (Trichoptera) or sacales (Lepidoptera)
* Other anatomical features
* The DNA phylogeny

Front 167

The two orders (trichoptera) and (Lepidoptera) are different in that:

Back 167

* Trichoptera adults lack a long proboscis
* Almost all Trichoptera larvae are aquatic.

Front 168

Trichoptera mouth parts:

Back 168

* Mandibles reduced but large palps.
* A few primitive spp. have chewing mouthparts.

Front 169

Somewhat like slender moths. They usually flay at night, and are found near water.

Back 169

Adult Trichoptera

Front 170

Most notable species of Trichoptera are:

Back 170

The species that make and carry around a protective case.

Front 171

Order Lepidoptera:

Back 171

Moths and Butterflies

Front 172

Most have broad wings, and the adult body is covered with fine scales:

Back 172

Lepidoptera

Front 173

Lepidoptera larva is called

Back 173

A caterpillar

Front 174

Butterflies get most of the attention, but they and the closely related skippers are only about ____% of lepidopteran species.

Back 174

6%

Front 175

The Dytrisia are a clade in the:

Back 175

Lepidoptera order

Front 176

Most but not all, Lepidoptera are:

Back 176

Herbivorous

Front 177

Some lepidopteran caterpillars make and wear:

Back 177

A protective case.

Front 178

Many Lepidoptera are a major pest of domestic plants and trees e.g.:

Back 178

Gypsy moth defoliates a wide variety hardwoods.

Front 179

A type of lepidoptera who feeds on Cabbage in it's larval stage:

Back 179

Cabbage Worm

Front 180

Do to lepidoptera's extremely responsive nature to pheromones, They are used in:

Back 180

Traps to either monitor or directly reduce pest populations.

Front 181

The lepidoptera Pupa, familiar to many people is called a:

Back 181

Chrysalis

Front 182

Many Lepidoptera produce silk from salivary glands, and this is often used to:

Back 182

Spin a cocoon to protect the pupa.

Front 183

Many large moth spp. spin big cocoons, but most are:

Back 183

unsuitable for commercial production.

Front 184

Silkworm moths:

Back 184

Bombyx mori

Front 185

Silk moths are completely Domestic. They cannot:

Back 185

Survive in the wild

Front 186

In a mating pair of silk moths, the females are:

Back 186

Wingless and extremely fecund

Front 187

The larvae of silk moths are usually fed:

Back 187

Mulberry leaves.

Front 188

B.Mori pupae are killed by:

Back 188

boiling prior to emergence.

Front 189

The most famous insect migration is:

Back 189

That of Monarch butterflies in North America.

Front 190

Not all spp. or populations of monarchs migrate long distances but:

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Danaus plexippus in North America travels long distances each year.

Front 191

Monarchs also provide an example of:

Back 191

Protective mimicry.

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Monarch larvae feed on:

Back 192

Milkweed, and sequester poisonous cardiac glycosides from the diet.

Front 193

Non-poisonous Viceroy butterflies co-occur with:

Back 193

Monarchs, but are less abundant.

Front 194

There are many analogous examples within Lepidoptera. A case of a plalatable species that appears to have evolved to resemble an unpalatable species called:

Back 194

Batesian mimicry.

Front 195

Another common situation isMullarian mimicry, in which:

Back 195

Unpalatable species converge on a similar appearance, presumably for increased protection.

Front 196

Order Hymenoptera:

Back 196

Sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants.

Front 197

Hymenoptera winged adults all have the same:

Back 197

kind of wing attachment mechanism>

Front 198

The more primitive sawflies (th paraphyletic suborder symphyta) almost all have:

Back 198

Herbivorous caterpillar-like larvae.

Front 199

Unlike some Lepidoptera, Sawfly caterpillars are never:

Back 199

covered in setae.

Front 200

Sawfly eggs may be deposited deep in:

Back 200

Plant tissue, where the larvae feed as borers.

Front 201

The monophyletic suborder Apocrita resembles:

Back 201

Hymenoptera with a "waist"

Front 202

The constriction in the sawfly body is within the:

Back 202

abdomen, with a propodeum fused with the thorax and a posterior gaster.

Front 203

The paraphyletic Parasitica:

Back 203

The parasitic wasps

Front 204

Most slowly kill the host. Such a parasite is called:

Back 204

Parasitoid.

Front 205

The monophyletic Aculeata:

Back 205

Hymenoptera that can sting for defense or aggression.

Front 206

The Monophyletic Aculeata stinger is used:

Back 206

as a modified ovipositor that is not used for egg deposition.

Front 207

As described in the supersocieties movie many Aculeata are:

Back 207

Solitary hunters

Front 208

A female Monophyletic Aculeta will paralyze prey, then:

Back 208

Provision a nest for her larvae. She doesn't live there.

Front 209

Many bee species are:

Back 209

also solitary, provisioning larvae with pollen.

Front 210

Aculeta also includes:

Back 210

Most of the truly social insects species. ( social wasps, bees, ants)

Front 211

The sting of Aculeta promotes:

Back 211

Sociality by providing defense of the concentrated food resource represented by the colony.

Front 212

Aculeta are _____ societies. Males are short lived and barely tolerated.

Back 212

Females

Front 213

Hymenoptera have:

Back 213

haplodiploidy. Males (haploid) develop from unferilized eggs. Females (diploid) from fertilized eggs.

Front 214

The mother hymenoptera can control:

Back 214

Fertilization, and therefore the sex of her offspring.

Front 215

Hymenoptera sperm is stored in the:

Back 215

Spermatheca, is released (or not) to fertilize and egg on it's way out of the mother.

Front 216

Sister Hymenoptera share ____% of alleles.

Back 216

75%

Front 217

Mother and daughter Hymenoptera share____% of alleles.

Back 217

50%

Front 218

Sister and Brother share____% of alleles.

Back 218

50%

Front 219

Concept of Inclusive fitness is:

Back 219

The probability of favoring survival of one's own genes by helping others reproduce.