Exam 3 Bio 2 Digestive Chap 48

Front 1

WHAT ARE 3 EXAMPLES OF heterotrophs

Back 1

herbivore - plant material
carnivore - other animals
omnivore - both plant and animal

Front 2

WHAT IS A Digestive system (vertebrates)

Back 2

one way tube with a SEPARATEmouth and anus and accessory organs;

functions to INGEST AND DIGEST food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate indigestibles

Front 3

GI tract INCLUDES?

Back 3

MOUTH with 32 teeth (adults), canines and incisors to cut food, molars and premolars to grind food; 3 pairs of salivary glands; epiglottis prevents food from entering trachea when swallowing; pharynx last area both air and food pass through, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH,SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, RECTUM, ANUS

Front 4

Choking involves food entering trachea instead of _________.

Back 4

Choking involves food entering trachea instead of ESOPHAGUS.

Front 5

mechanical digestion

Back 5

can include CUTTING AND GRINDING of food with teeth and churning and mixing of food thru PERISTALSIS and within stomach

Front 6

WHAT PROCESS IS THIS
elevation of the PALATE to seal off the nasal cavity; folding of the EPIGLOTTIS over the trachea; pressure against the pharynx to initiate ______.______center stimulates successive waves of contraction.

Back 6

process of swallowing

Front 7

muscular tube that PASSES BOLUS (moistened mass of chewed food swallowed) TO STOMACH; food moves through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis) of the two layers of smooth muscle; sphincter muscle at entrance of stomach must relax before food can enter stomach; ACID REFLUX results from incomplete closure of the sphincter allowing acid to move into the esophagus

Back 7

esophagus

Front 8

rhythmic contractions in the digestive tract from the pharynx to the anus that mixes and moves the bolus (mouth to stomach) and chyme (stomach to small intestines) thru tract IS WHAT?

Back 8

(peristalsis)

Front 9

What are the layers of the alimentary canal, moving from the inside to outside?

Back 9

mucosa, submucosa (contain plexuses - nerves that regulate activities of GI tract), muscularis , and serous

Front 10

The muscularis has two layers of smooth muscle oriented in different directions. WHAT ARE THEY?

Back 10

One is CIRCULAR and one is LONGITUDINAL. These orientations promote PERISTALSIS (movement of material thru tract) and SEGMENTATION (mechanical mixing of material).

Front 11

Digestion begins WHEN

Back 11

SALIVARY AMYLASE begins digestion of STARCH in the MOUTH, PEPSIN begins digestion of PROTEIN in the STOMACH, LIPIDS begin digestion in the SMALL INTESTINES(DUODENUM)

Front 12

Most digestion of all organic molecules is completed in the _______(1st 25 cm.) of the small intestines and the small intestines also is the primary site of _________ in the mammalian digestive system.

Back 12

Most digestion of all organic molecules is completed in the duodenum (1st 25 cm.) of the small intestines and the small intestines also is the primary site of NUTRITION ABSORPTION in the mammalian digestive system.

Front 13

acid reflux

Back 13

when GASTRIC FLUIDis able to move past GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (muscle that encircles tubes and acts as a CIRCULAR VALVE to control flow) and affect the esophagus (tube used only to transport bolus); referred to as HEARTBURN!

Front 14

Over the counter remedies like Tums or Rolaids lower _____ of stomach fluid.

Back 14

ACIDITY TO PREVENT ACID REFLUX OR HEART BURN

Front 15

gastric glands within stomach (SECRETION IN GREEN)

Back 15

mucus secreting gland: MUCOUS (protects stomach walls from low pH);
PARIETAL CELL: secrete HCl (produces low pH which helps to DENATURE proteins, ACTIVATES pepsinogen into PEPSIN which then begins to hydrolyze protein, and kills microorganisms) and
INTRINSIC FACTOR (facilitates vitamin B12 absorption necessary for RBC production…lack LEADS to pernicious anemia;
CHIEF CELLS : produce PEPSINOGEN, precursor (activated by lowering pH) to PEPSIN which begins DIGESTION OF PROTEIN

Front 16

gizzards

Back 16

Area where food is ground in some animals, such as birds

Front 17

crop

Back 17

Where birds store food in a modified portion of the lower esophagus

Front 18

roles of the liver

Back 18

FIRST organ to receive the PRODUCTS of DIGESTION; PRODUCES BILE, REMOVES excess GLUCOSE and produces glycogen forSTORAGE, stores vitamins, destroys old/damaged red blood cells, removes ALCOHAL, toxins, pesticides, and carcinogens from blood

Front 19

WHAT ARE The sequential processes occurring in the stomach? 3 STEPS

Back 19

1. The ARRIVAL OF FOOD into the stomach triggers gastric juice secretions.
2. Secretion of HCl LOWERS pH, activating PEPSINOGEN into PEPSIN.
3. The acidic chyme moves through the PYLORIC SPHINCTER to the small intestines. The increasing acidity of the stomach is primarily directed towards the START of PROTEIN digestion.

Consider: While no nutrients are absorbed across the stomach wall, water, alcohol, and aspirin are.

Front 20

The hepatic portal system connects the liver to the _______. The hepatic portal vein carries______ with ingested materials to the liver which SCREENS the____ and then it continues on through the HEPATIC vein.

Back 20

The hepatic portal system connects the liver to the SMALL INTESTINE. The hepatic portal vein carries BLOOD with ingested materials to the liver which screens the BLOOD and then it continues on through the hepatic vein.

Front 21

bile

Back 21

produced by LIVER hepatocyte cells in dilute form, moves to GALLBLADDER where it is STORED and concentrated, released into DUODENUM where the BILE SALTS act as EMULSIFIER/digester of LIPIDS

Front 22

After bile emulsifies and lipases hydrolyze fats into ________, the ________are combined with PROTEINS in the small intestine to make them into WATER SOLUABLE particles called CHYLOMICRONS which are absorbed into lymphatic capillaries.

Back 22

After bile emulsifies and lipases hydrolyze fats into TRIGLYCERIDES, the triglycerides are combined with proteins in the small intestine to make them into water soluble particles called chylomicrons which are absorbed into lymphatic capillaries.

TRIGLYCERIDES+ PROTEINS=CHYLOMICRONS

Front 23

What stimulates the secretions of pepsinogen and HCl from the gastric glands?

Back 23

parietal cells

Front 24

What is role of secretin?

Back 24

Secretin stimulates the release of PANCREATIC FLUID, which contains DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND BUFFERS

Front 25

rumen

Back 25

1st stomach of ruminants which serves as a FERMENTATION CHAMBER in which bacteria and protozoa DEGRADES CELLULOSE ; this allows COWS to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of cellulose

Front 26

area in horses, rodents, and lagomorphs where microorganisms digest cellulose

Back 26

cecum

Front 27

coprophagy

Back 27

process in which animals, such as rodents, rabbits, and hares CONSUME THEIR FECES to assure complete digestion

Front 28

How are digested fats absorbed?

Back 28

thru LACTEALS(capillaries) which are part of the LYMPHATIC system and located in VILLI of the small intestines

Front 29

small intestines absorption

Back 29

~ 8.5 liters out of total 9 liters of material passing through

Front 30

pancreas secretes WHAT?

Back 30

secretes lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, DNase, RNase, bicarbonate (neutralizes acidic chyme) through the pancreatic duct, in an exocrine function

Front 31

As an exocrine gland, the pancreas secretes its products thru the _______ onto the free surface of the small intestines. As an endocrine gland, it secretes its hormones (INSULIN which triggers glucose UPTAKE by cells and glucagon which trigger conversion of GLYCOGEN into GLUCOSE) directly into the blood stream.

Back 31

As an exocrine gland, the pancreas secretes its products thru the PANCREATIC DUCT onto the free surface of the small intestines. As an endocrine gland, it secretes its hormones (insulin which triggers glucose uptake by cells and glucagon which trigger conversion of glycogen into glucose) directly into the blood stream.

Front 32

Digestive secretions are primarily regulated by______ and ______signals.

Back 32

Digestive secretions are primarily regulated by NERVE and HORMONAL signals.

Front 33

majority of nutrient absorption

Back 33

chyme (thick soupy acidic liquid) enters SMALL INTESTINES (primarily in 1ST PORTION: DUODENUM), pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate to complete digestion and accomplish MAJORITY OF ABSORPTION; undigested food is transported to large intestines

Front 34

Since absorption of most nutrients occurs here in the _______(first portion of small intestines), the surface area of the small intestines is greatly _____ thru the structures of circular folds, villi, and microvilli. In humans, the surface area of the small intestines is ~300 square meters.

Back 34

Since absorption of most nutrients occurs here in the DUODENUM (first portion of small intestines), the surface area of the small intestines is greatly INCREASED thru the structures of circular folds, villi, and microvilli. In humans, the surface area of the small intestines is ~300 square meters.

Front 35

Lactose intolerance

Back 35

INABILITY TO DIGEST MILK SUGARS leading to gastrointestinal pain when dairy products are consumed

Front 36

epithelial wall of small intestines

Back 36

covered with fingerlike PROTRUSIONS (villi) which are in turn covered in MICRO-VILLI

Front 37

gluconeogenesis

Back 37

Process in which AMINO ACIDS and LACTIC ACID are converted TO GLUCOSE

Front 38

large intestines

Back 38

contains 3 segments with NO VILLI; 4% food absorption; STORAGE ofUNDIGESTED CHYME as it is converted to feces; vitamin K production (via bacteria) and absorption; reabsorption of salts (active transport) and water (thru osmosis) from chyme

Front 39

By active transport of ______, water can be reabsorbed thru ________. Diarrhea is a symptom of DECREASED water reabsorption.

Back 39

By active transport of SALTS, water can be reabsorbed thru OSMOSIS. Diarrhea is a symptom of DECREASED water reabsorption.

Front 40

required macronutrients

Back 40

fats, CARBOHYDRATESs, proteins

Front 41

quickest energy source

Back 41

simple sugar, such as GLUCOSE

Front 42

By controlling your weight, you may prevent yourself from developing what?

Back 42

OBESITY
can lead to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Front 43

LDL
Low density lipoproteins

Back 43

Low density lipoproteins - considered to be BAD for your health because it TRANSPORTS CHOLESTEROL

Front 44

vitamins

Back 44

ORGANIC compounds OBTAINED THROUGH DIET that are REQUIRED for METABOLIC reactions; often form COENZYMES and ANTIOXIDANTS

Front 45

minerals

Back 45

trace amounts of METALLIC IONS that are required as COFACTORS in reactions

Front 46

Vitamins and essential amino acids are similar in WHAT?

Back 46

Vitamins and essential amino acids are similar in that they cannot be synthesized and must be INGESTED

Front 47

Birds store food in a modified portion of the lower esophagus called the
A. crop.
B. epiglottis.
C. gizzard.
D. alimentary canal.
E. pharynx.

Back 47

A. crop.

Front 48

Digestion of which major nutrient type begins in the stomach?
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. nucleic acids
D. proteins
E. vitamins

Back 48

D. proteins

Front 49

Cows are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of cellulose because
A. cows are autotrophic.
B. the cow, like the rabbit, ingests its feces.
C. cows can manufacture all 20 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D. unlike humans, the saliva the cow produces has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E. cows have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in their rumens.

Back 49

E. cows have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in their rumens.

Front 50

The diarrhea that is a symptom of diseases like cholera is due to problems in the function of which digestive organ?
A. stomach
B. small intestine
C. large intestine
D. appendix
E. gall bladder

Back 50

C. large intestine

Front 51

MUCOUS

Back 51

(protects stomach walls from low pH);

Front 52

PARIETAL CELL:

Back 52

secrete HCl (produces low pH which helps to DENATURE proteins, ACTIVATES pepsinogen into PEPSIN which then begins to hydrolyze protein, and kills microorganisms)

Front 53

INTRINSIC FACTOR ;

Back 53

(facilitates vitamin B12 absorption necessary for RBC production…lack LEADS to pernicious anemia;

Front 54

CHIEF CELLS :

Back 54

produce PEPSINOGEN, precursor (activated by lowering pH) to PEPSIN which begins DIGESTION OF PROTEIN