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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Innate Defense |
Body defense responses that we are born with barrier and chemicals to prevent entry of pathogens, cells, and chemicals that attack a pathogen if it breaks through outer barriers. The defense responses are non-specific. |
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Phagocytes |
Scavenger cells specialized to engulf and destroy particular matter, such as pathogens, damaged tissue or dead cells |
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Macrophage |
A large phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte that lives in loose CT and engulfs anything detected as foreign. |
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Natural Killer Cell |
A type of cell in the immune system. These cells probably lymphocytes roam the body in search of abnormal cells and quickly kill them. |
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Interferons |
A type of defensive protein produced by T lymphocytes that slows the spread of viruses already in the body interfering w/ viral replication. Interferons also attack macrophages and natural killer cells, which kill virus infected cells |
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Complimented System |
A group of about 20 proteins that enhances the body's defense mechanisms. This system destroys cellular pathogens by creating holes in the plasma membrane, making the cell leaky, enhancing phagocytosis and stimulating inflammination |
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Inflammatory Response |
A nonspecific body response to injury or invasion by a foreign organisms. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. |
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Fever |
An abnormally elevated body temp. which helps the body fight disease-causing invaders in numbers of ways. |
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Pyrogen |
A fever producing substance |
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Adaptive Defense/ Adaptive Immune Response |
Body Defense responses that are required by exposure to cell or substances that do not belong in the body. Antibody-meditated responses are involved. Adaptive responses have memory for the pathogens that triggered them |
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MHC Makers |
Molecules on the surface of the body cells that label the cells as itself |
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Antigen |
A substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system. Antigens trigger an immune response |
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B Cell |
B Lymphocytes---> B Cell. A type of white blood cell important in antibody -meditated immune responses that can transform into a plasma cell and produce antibodies |
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T Cells |
T Lymphocyte---> T Cell. A type of white blood cell . Some T lymphocytes attacks and destroy cells that are not recognized as belonging in the body, such as infected cell or cancerous cell. T4 Cell---> A helper cell. The kind of T lymphocyte that serves as the main switch for the entire immune response by presenting the antigen to B cells and by secreting chemicals that stimulate other cells of the immune system |
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Antigen-presenting Cell (APC) |
A cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, initiating an immune response toward that antigen. An important type of antigen- presenting cell is a macrophage |
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Antibody |
A Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells during an adaptive immune response that recognizes and binds to a specific antigen because of the shape of the molecule. Antibodies defend against invaders in a variety of ways , including neutralization, agglutination and precipitation, or activation of the complement system. |
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Suppressor T Cell |
A type of T lymphocyte that turns off the immune response when the level of antigen falls by releasing chemicals that dampen the activity of both B cells and T cells. |
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Active Vs. Passive Immunity |
* Active Immunity: Immune resistance in which the body actively participates by produces memory B cells and memory T cells after exposure to an antigen , either naturally or through vaccination * Passive Immunity: Temporary immune resistance that develops when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal |
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Monoclonal Antibodies |
Defensive proteins specific for a particular antigen secreted by a clone of genetically identical cells descended from a single cell |
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Autoimmune Disorder |
An immune response misdirected against the body's own tissue |
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Allergy |
A strong immune response to an antigen (allergen) that is not usually harmful to the body |
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Chapter 14 |
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ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate is a nucleotide that consists of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups; ATP is the energy currency of all living cells |
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Sinus |
Large, air-filled spaces in the bones of the face |
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Pharynx |
The space shared by the respiratory and digestive systems that is commonly called the throat. The pharynx is a passageway for air, food, and liquid |
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Larynx |
The voice box or Adam's apple. A boxlike cartilaginous structure between the pharynx and the trachea held together by muscles and elastic tissue |
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Epiglottis |
A part of the larynx that forms a moveable lid of cartilage covering the open into the trachea(by the glottis) |
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Trachea |
The tube hat conducts air into the thoracic cavity towards the lungs. The trachea is reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing during inhalation and exhalation |
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Brochi |
(singular Bronchus) The respiratory passageways between the trachea and the bronchioles that conduct air into the lungs |
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Alveoli |
A thin-walled rounded chamber. In the lungs, the alveoli are the surfaces for gas exchange. They form clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surrounded by a vast network of capillaries. The alveoli greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange Note: Hemoglobin carries 98.5% oxygen rest is in plasma * 70 % Bicarbonate Ions * 20 % Hemoglobin * 10% Plasma |
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Diaphragm |
A broad sheet of muscles that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. When the diaphragm contracts inhalation occurs |
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Intercostal muscles |
The layer of muscles between the ribs that raise and lower the rib cage during breathing
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Surfactant |
Phospholipid molecules coating the alveolar surfaces that prevent the alveoli from collapsing |
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Tidal Volume |
The amount of air of inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath |
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Vital Capacity |
The maximal amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forceful breathing |
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Residual Volumes |
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation |
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Total Lung Capacity |
The total volume of air contained in the lungs after the deepest possible breath. It is calculated by adding the residual volume to the vital capacity |
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Hemoglobin |
The oxygen-binding pigment in red blood cells. It consists of four subunits, each made up of an iron-containing heme group and a protein chain. |
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Bicarbonate Ion |
HCO3 |
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Carotid Bodies |
a small mass of receptors in the carotid artery sensitive to chemical change in the blood.
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Aortic Bodies |
is one of several small clusters of peripheral chemoreceptors known as glomus cells, baroreceptors, and supporting cells located along the aortic arch.
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Pneumonia |
lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs ( double pneumonia ), one lung ( single pneumonia ), or only certain lobes ( lobar pneumonia ).
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Strep Throat |
A sore throat that is caused by Streptococcus bacteria |
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Emphysema |
A condition in which the alveolar walls break down, thicken, and form larger air spaces, making gas exchange difficult This change results in less surface area for gas exchange and an increase in the volume of residual air in the lungs |
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Chapter 15 |
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Esophagus |
A muscular tube that conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach using peristalsis |
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Salivary Glands |
Exocrine glands in the facial region that secrete saliva into the mouth to begin the digestion process |
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Dentin |
A hard, bone like substance that forms the main substance of teeth . It is covered by enameled on the crown and by cementum on the root |
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Enamel |
A nonliving material that is hardened with calcium salts and covers the crown of a tooth |
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Bolus |
A small, soft ball of food mixed with saliva; Chewed food. |
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Gastric Gland |
Any one of several glands in the stomach mucus that contribute to the gastric juice( Hydrochloric acid and pepsin) |
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Pepsin |
A protein-splitting enzyme initially secreted in the stomach in the inactive form of pepsinogen that is activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid |
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Bile |
A mixture of water, ions, Cholesterol, bile pigments, and bile salts that emulsifies fat(keeps fat as small globules), facilitating digestion by lipase. Bile is produced by the liver, is stored in the gallbladder, and acts in the small intestine |
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Villus (Villi) |
Small fingerlike projections on the small intestines wall that increases surface area for absorption |
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Lacteal |
A lymphatic vessel in an intestinal villus that aids in the absorption of lipids |
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Hepatitis |
An inflammation of the liver; is usually caused by one of six virus |
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Appendix |
A slender closed pouched that extends from the large intestine near the juncture with the small intestine |
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Vitamin |
An organic ( carbon-containing) compound that, although essential for health and growth , is needed only in minute quantities to regulate cellular processes |
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Mineral |
Inorganic substances that are not broken down during digestion and are important in regulating cellular processes |
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CHAPTER 16 |
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Kidneys |
Reddish, kidney bean-shaped organs that filter wastes and excess materials from the blood, assist the respiratory system in regulating blood pH and maintain fluid balance by regulating the volume and composition of blood and urine |
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Ureter |
Tubular organs that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
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Urinary Bladder |
The muscular organ that temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body |
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Urethra |
The muscular tube that transports urine from the floor of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body . In males it also conducts sperm from the vas deferens out of the body through the penis |
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Glomerulus |
A tuft of capillaries within the renal corpuscle of nephron |
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Renal Tubule |
The site of reabsorption and secretion by the nephron. It consists of the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of the nephron ( also called the loop of Henley), and the distal convoluted tubule |
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Collective Duct |
Within the kidneys, the tubes that receive filtrate from the distal from the distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons and that eventually drain into the renal pelvis; some tubular secretion occurs along collecting ducts |
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Renal Cortex |
The outer region of the kidney, containing renal columns |
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Renal Medulla |
The inner region of the Kidney. It contains cone-shaped structures called renal pyramids. |
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Renal Pelvis |
The inner most region of the kidney; the chamber within the kidney |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
A hormone manufactured by the hypothalamus but stored in and released from the posterior pituitary. It regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of nephrons . ADH causes water retention at the kidneys and elevates blood pressure; also called vasopressin |
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Aldosterone |
A hormone ( the primary mineralocorticoid) released by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium within kidney nephrons |
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Erythropoietin |
A hormone released by the kidneys when the oxygen content of the blood declines; it stimulates red blood cell production |
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Hemoglobin
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The oxygen-binding pigment in red blood cells . It consists of four subunits, each made-up of an iron containing heme group and protein chain
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Peritoneal Dialysis |
is a type of dialysis that uses the peritoneum in a person's abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the blood. It is used to remove excess fluid, correct electrolyte problems, and removed toxins in those with kidney failure.
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Scrotum |
A loose fleshy sac containing the testes |
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Testes |
The male gonads. The male reproductive organs that reproduce sperm and the hormone testosterone |
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Seminiferous Tubules |
Coiled Tubules within the testes where sperm are produced |
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Epididymis |
A long tube coiled on the surface of each testes that serves as the site of sperm cell maturation and storage |
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Vas Deferens |
A tubule that conducts sperm from the epididymis to the urethra |
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Prostate |
a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.
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Seminal Vesicle |
A pair of male accessory reproductive glands located posterior to the urinary bladder. Their secretions contribute to semen and serve to nourish the sperm cells, reduce acidity in the vagina, and coagulate sperm. |
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that in females stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum ( which produces estrogen and progesterone) and prepares the mammary glands for milk production. In males, it stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells within the testes |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that in females stimulates the development of the follicles in the ovaries, , resulting in the development of the ova(eggs) and the production of estrogen , and in males stimulates sperm production |
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Ovary |
One of the female gonads. The female gonads produce the ova(eggs) and the hormones estrogen and progesterone |
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Oviduct |
One of the two tubes that conduct the ova from the ovary to the uterus in the female reproductive system. it is also called a uterine tube or fallopian tube |
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Uterus |
A hollow muscular organ in the female reproductive system in which the embryo implants and develops during pregnancy |
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Cervix |
The narrow neck of the uterus that projects into the vagina , whose opening provides a passageway for materials moving between the vagina and the body of the uterus |
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Vagina |
A muscular tube in the female reproductive system that extends from the uterus to the vulva and serves to receive the penis during sexual intercourse and as the birth canal |
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Labia |
* Labia Majora: Two elongated skin folds lateral to the labia minora. They are part of the external genitalia of a female * Labia Minora: Two small skin folds on either side of the vagina and interior to the labia mijora. They are part of the external genitalia of a female |
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Ovarian Cycle |
The sequence of events in the ovary that leads to ovulation. The cycle is approximately 28 days long and is closely coordinated with the menstrual cycle |
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Uterine (menstrual) Cycle |
The sequence of events that occurs on an approximately 28-day cycle in the uterine lining (endometrium) and involves the thickening of and increased blood supply to endometrium and the loss of the endometrium as menstrual flow |
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Menstruation |
the process in a woman of discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until menopause, except during pregnancy
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Corpus Luteum |
A structure in the ovary that forms from the follicle cells remaining in the ovary after ovulation. The corpus luteum functions as an endocrine structure that secretes estrogen and progesterone |
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Menopause |
The end of the female's reproductive potential when ovulation and menstruation cease |
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Chapter 18 |
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Pre-embryo |
The developing human from fertilization through the second week of gestation ( the pre-embryonic period) |
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Fetus |
The developing human from week 9 of gestation until birth (the fetal period) |
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Cleavage |
The rapid series of mitotic cell divisions in which the zygote first divides into two cells, and so on. Cleavage usually begins about day1 after fertilization as the zygote moves along the ovary duct towards the uterus |
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Blastocyst |
The stage of development consisting of a hollow ball of cells. It contains the inner cell mass, a group of cells that will become the embryo, and the trophoblast, a thin layer of cells that will give rise to part of the placenta |
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Placenta |
The organ that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and later fetus and carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from each . The placenta is also called the afterbirth |
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Implantation |
is the attachment of the fertilized egg when the fertilized egg (now called a blastocyst) has completed its travel through the fallopian tube and adheres to the lining of the uterus. Implantationhappens about a week after ovulation with a range of 6-12 days after fertilization.
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Human Chrionic Gonadotropic (HCG) |
A hormone produced by the cells of the early embryo(blastocyst) and the placenta that maintains the corpus luteum for approximately the first 3 months pregnancy. HCG enters the bloodstream of the mother and is excreted in her urine. HCG forms the basis for many pregnancy tests |
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Amnion |
The exraembryonic membrane that encloses the embryo( and the later fetus) in a fluid-filled space called the amniotic cavity. Amniotic fluid forms a protective cushion that can be examine as part of prenatal testing in a procedure known as amminocentsis |
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Chorion |
The extraembryonic membrane that becomes the embryo's major contribution to the placenta |
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Umbilical Cord |
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