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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The nervous system |
Body's electrochemical communication system |
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Central division of the nervous system |
Brain and spinal chord |
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Peripheral division of the nervous system |
Nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs |
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Motor Neurons |
Connects CNS to muscles and glands |
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Sensory Neurons |
Connects sensory receptors to CNS |
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Interneurons (Association Neurons) |
Makes connections within the central nervous system |
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Skeletal/Somatic Nervous System |
Nerves to and from spinal chord that control muscle movements |
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Automatic Nervous System |
Two divisions that control involuntary functions such as heart beats, respiration, etc. |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Fight or flight response. Release adrenaline and norepinephrine, increases blood flow, inhibits digestion |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Rest and digest system. Calms body to conserve and maintain energy, lowers heart rate and blood pressure. |
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Sensory Neurons |
Input from sensory organs to the brain and spinal chord |
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Motor Neurons |
Output from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glands |
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Interneurons |
Carry info between other neurons only found in the brain and spinal chord |
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Axon |
The cell's output structure, one per cell, transmits to dendrites of other cells |
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What does the cell body do |
Contains the nucleus, directs metabolism |
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Myelinsheath |
White fatty acid casing an axon, acts as electrical insulator. Not on all cells, increases neural signal speed down axon. |
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Dentries |
Info collectors, receive inputs from neighboring neurons |
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Action Potential |
Electrical signals where neurons communicate, based on movements of ions between the outside and inside of the cell. |
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Synapse |
Axon terminals contain small storage sacs called synaptic vesicles |
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Chemical Messengers |
Neurotransmitters and hormones |
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Acetylcholine |
Muscle movements, memory |
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Seratonin |
Sleep and mood/depression |
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Norepinephrine |
Arousal, fight or flight response |
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Dopamine |
Movement, attention, learning, schizophrenia treatment |
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Endorphins |
Pain and pleasure |
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Hormones |
Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream |
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Hypothalamus |
Part of limbic system, controls the pituitary gland |
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Pituitary gland |
Master encoding gland, produces hormones that control hormone production in the other endocrine gland |
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Adrenal glands |
Stress response, releases adrenaline |
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Thyroid gland |
Metabolism |
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Pireal gland |
Sleep/wakefulness |
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Pancreas |
Blood sugar |
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Ovaries and testes |
Sex hormones |
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CAT scans |
Series of Xrays taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite |
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PET scan |
Detects brain activity by following where a radioactive form of glucose goes when a person is performing s specific task |
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MRI |
Use magnetic fields to determine differences between types of brain tissues |
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Cerebellum |
Coordinated, rapid voluntary movements, ex playing the piano |
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Medulla |
Breathing, heart rate, digestion, other reflexes |
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Recticular formation |
Network of neurons in the brainstem. Sleep and arousal, attention |
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Pons |
Help coordinate movements on left and right sides of the body. Ex postural reflexes that help maintain balance |
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Thalamus |
Relay station in brain, processes most information to and from higher brain centers |
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The Limbic System |
Largely controls motions and drives |
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Hypothalamus |
Involved in a variety of behaviors. Ex sexual behavior, hunger and thirst, sleep. Pleasure centers |
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Amygdala |
Inputs come from all senses, interpretation and expression of emotion |
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Hippocampus |
Important in forming new memories |
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Cerebral Cortex |
Brain's ultimate control and information processing center. Consists of sensory, motor, and association areas. |
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Association areas |
Largest ares in human brain, other than sensory and motor areas |
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Higher level processing |
Thinking, language, etc |
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Corpus Callosum |
Major pathway between hemispheres |
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Contralateral Sensory and motor control |
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body |
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Occipital Lobe |
Contains primary visual cortex |
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Temporal Lobe |
Contains primary auditory cortex |
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Parietal Lobe |
Inputs from multiple senses, contains primary sonatosensory cortex (body senses) |
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Frontal Lobe |
Contains primary motor cortex (voluntary movement) important planning and sequencing areas |
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Circadian Rhythm |
Regular bodily rhythms that occurs an a 24hr cycle |
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REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep |
Recurring sleep stage, vivid dreams |
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Alpha waves |
Slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain |
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Delta Waves |
Large, slow waves of deep sleep |
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Hallucinations |
False sensory expiriences |
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Dreams |
Information processing, help consolidate the day's memories, stimulates neutral development |
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REM Rebound |
REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation |
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Psychoactive drugs |
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
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Physical dependence |
Physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms |
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Psychological dependence |
A psychological need to use a drug, ex the relieve negative emotions |
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Tolerance |
Need for progressively larger doses the achieve the same effect |
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Withdrawal |
Discomfort and distress with discontinued use |
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Depressants |
Drugs that reduce neural activity, slow body function. Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates |
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Stimulants |
Drugs that excite neural activity, speed up body function. Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines |
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Hallucinogens |
Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images, in the absence of sensory input. LSD |
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Sensation |
How sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy |
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Perception |
Organizing and interpreting sensory info |
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Wavelength/frequency |
The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. Determines color/pitch |
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Amplitude |
Amount of energy in a wave. Determines brightness/loudness |
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Cones |
Near the center of the retina, fine detail and color vision, daylight or well lit conditions |
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Rods |
Peripheral retina, detect black, white, and gray. Twilight or low light. |
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Feature detector |
Neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features. Shape, angle, and movement |
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Trichromatic (Three color) theory |
Three different retinal color perceptions. One for each primary color of light. Determines perceived color, red, green, and blue. |
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Opponent-Process Theory |
Opposing retinal processes enable color vision |
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Place Theory |
Links the pitch we hear with the place where the inner ear canals membrane is stimulated (high pitches) |
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Frequency Theory |
The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve makes the frequency of tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch |
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Skin sensation |
Pressure, warmth, cold. Warm+cold=hot |
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Taste sensations |
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
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Sensory interaction |
The principle that one sense may influence another. Ex. when the smell of food influences its taste |
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Kinesthesis |
The system foreseeing the position and movement of individual body parts |
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Vestibular Sense |
The sense of body movement and position (especially the head) includes sense of balance |
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Gestalt |
An organized whole, tendency to integrate pieces of information into organized wholes |
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Proximity |
Group nearby figured together |
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Similarity |
Group figures that are similar |
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Continuity |
Perceive continuous patterns |
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Closure |
Filling in the gaps |
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Connectedness |
Spots, lives, and areas are seen as a unit when connected |
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Perceptual Organization |
Figures and ground organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) |
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Depth Perception |
Ability to see objects in three dimensions, allows us to judge distance. |
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Binocular cues |
Use both eyes, images from the two eyes differ, closer the object, the larger the disparity |
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Convergence |
Neuromuscular cue, two eyes move inward for near objects |
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Monocular (pictorial) cues |
One eye |
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Relative Size |
Smaller image is more distant |
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Interposition |
Closer object blocks distant objects |
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Relative clarity |
Hazy object seen as more distant |
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Texture |
Closer looks coarse, finer looks distant |
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Relative height |
Higher objects seen as more distant |
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Relative motion/Motion Parallax |
Closer objects seem to move faster |
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Linear Perspective |
Parallel lines converge with distance |
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Relative brightness |
Closer objects appear brighter |
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Perceptual constancy |
Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image color/shape/size |
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Perceptual Set |
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
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The Stroop Effect |
Learned automaticity, some abilities which one required attention can become automatic through practice |
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Jean Piaget |
Swiss psychologist who became leading theorist in the 1930s |
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Schemas |
Frameworks that develop to help organize knowledge |
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Assimilation |
Process of taking new information or a new experience and fitting it into an already existing schema |
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Accommodation |
Process by which existing schemas are changed or new schemas are created in order to fir new info |
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Sensorimotor Stage |
Birth-2, info is gained through senses and motor actions, object permanence is acquired |
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Object Permanence |
The understanding that objects exist independent of one's actions or perceptions of them |
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Preoperational Stage |
Age 2-7, emergence of symbolic thought, ego centrism, |
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Egocentrism |
Can't take another person's point of view |
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Concrete Operational Stage |
7-12 years old, understanding of mental operations leading to increasingly logical thought |
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Formal Operational Stage |
Age 12-Adulthood, hypothetical deductive reasoning, adult egocentrism |
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Adult egocentrism |
Personal fable, no one understands how I feel |
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Social Development |
The changing nature of relationships with others over the lifespan |
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Stranger Anxiety |
Fear of strangers that infants commonly display |
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Attachment |
An emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by seeking closeness to the caregiver/distress during separation |
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Securely Attached |
Explores the room when mother is present, becomes upset and explores less when mother isn't present, shows pleasure when mother returns |
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Aviodantly Attatched |
A form of insecure attachment in which child avoids mother and acts coldy to her |
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Anxious resistant attachment |
A form of insecure attachment where the child remains close to mother and remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort |
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Authoritarian Parenting style |
Value obedience and use a high degree of power assertion |
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Authoritative Parenting Style |
Most effective. Less concerned with obedience, greater use of induction |
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Permissive Parenting |
Most tolerant, least likely to use discipline |
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Neglectful Parenting |
Completely uninvolved |
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Eirkson's Theory |
Biological belief that there are innate drives to develop social relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism) |
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Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust |
Birth-1, consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting, infant needs leads to a sense of trust |
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Stage 2 Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt |
Age 1-3, Those given the opportunity to experience independence will gain a sense of autonomy, children that are overly restrained or punished harshly will develop shame and doubt |
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Stage 3 Initiative Vs Guilt |
Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible |
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Stage 4 Industry Vs Inferiority |
Age 5-12, stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills, sense of competence and achievement leads to industry |
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Alcohol amnesic disorder (Korsakoff's Syndrome) |
Seen in long term heavy alcohol use, severe memory impairment, difficulties with motor coordination |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
Seen in child when mother drank during pregnancy, mental retardation, physical abnormalities |
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Preconventional Level of Moral Reasoning |
Moral reasoning is based on external rewards and punishments |
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Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning |
Laws and rules are upheld simply because they are laws and rules |
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Postconventional Level of Moral Reasoning |
Reasoning based on personal moral standards |
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Social Psychology |
Scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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Attribution Theory |
Tendency to give a casual explanation for someones behavior, often by crediting either the situation of the person's disposition |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
Tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
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Attitude |
Belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
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Conformity |
Adjusting one's behavior of thinking to coincide with a group's standard |
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Normative Social Influence |
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval/avoid disapproval |
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Norm |
AN understood rule for expected behavior |
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Informative Social Influence |
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about relaity |
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Social Facilitation |
Improved performance of tasks in the presence of other's occurs with simple or well-learned tasks, but not tasks that are hard or unmastered |
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Social Loafing |
Tendency for people in a group to ekzert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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Deindividualization |
Loss of self-awareness and self restrain in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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Group Polarization |
Enhancement of a groups prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group. |
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Group Think |
Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
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Ingroup Bias |
Tendency for one to favor one's own group |
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Scapegoat Theory |
Theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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Bystander Effect |
Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
