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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prenatal period |
conception to birth |
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infancy period |
birth to 2 |
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childhood period |
2 to 12 |
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adolescence period |
13 to 19 |
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adulthood |
19 and beyond |
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zygote |
cell formed when sperm fertilizes egg |
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embryo |
(2-8 weeks after conception) rudimentary versions of digestive, cardiovascular, nervous systems |
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fetus |
(8 weeks to birth) no new structures emerge, but it grows larger & stronger |
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teratogen |
agents that harm the embryo/fetus like chemicals, drugs, alcohol |
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neurogenesis |
production of young neurons, occurs in the first 2 trimesters |
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neuronal migration |
neurons move around to a final location, occurs in first 2 trimesters |
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myelination |
neuron insulates its "wires", occurs in first 2 trimesters |
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after birth |
baby born w/ most neurons he will have through life, neurons mature & form connections with neighboring neurons |
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synaptic pruning |
when connections are not used, they decay and disappear |
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grasping reflex |
clinging to be carried from place to place |
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rooting reflex |
turning & sucking when nipple or object touches area near mouth |
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sucking reflex |
if an infant finds object, he will suck |
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attachment |
strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances |
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Harlow's research |
stimulated mother monkeys, one had milk and one had a soft cloth. The monkey clung to the soft mother |
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Mary Ainsworth |
strange situation test. Experiment testing a child's reaction to the presence/absence of an attachment figure |
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secure attachment |
65% of children, related to better peer relations & adjustment in life |
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insecure attachment |
avoidant/ambivalent, linked to behavioral problems and depression in life |
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development |
theory that children go through 4 different stages of development which reflect different ways of thinking about the world |
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sensorimotor stage |
(birth to 2) infants acquire info about world through senses & motor skills |
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object permanence |
understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen |
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preoperational stage |
(2-7) children reason based on intuition and superficial appearance rather than logic. have little understanding of law of conservation of quantity |
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egocentrism |
children struggle to see a situation from another person's point of view |
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concrete operational stage |
(7 to 12) children begin to reason about concrete things, but don't have ability to reason abstractly. develop understanding that an action can be reversible |
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theory of mind |
ability to adopt another person's perspective |
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formal operational stage |
(12-adult) people can think abstractly about hypothetical concepts and can think about many viewpoints at once. thinking is logical |
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metacognition |
thinking about thought itself |
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Vygotsky's theory |
complex mental functions spring from social interaction and culture |
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puberty |
onset of sexual maturity that marks the beginning of adolescence |
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increased risk taking/stress in adolescence... |
causes females to have earlier onset of puberty because organisms that sense threat want to pass on genes before perishing. Limbic system is more developed that prefrontal cortex |
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adulthood |
marriage has positive effect on health while having children has a negative effect. older adults have fewer mental health problems |
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emotion |
immediate, specific response to environmental events and/or internal thoughts |
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subjective experience |
a concrete way of describing feelings (I'm scared) |
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physiological process |
physical responses of emotions (heart beating fast & sweating) |
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behavioral response |
recognizable emotional actions (eyes and mouth wide open) |
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mood |
diffuse, long lasting emotional states |
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circumplex model of emotions |
valence: how + or - emotions are; activation: how arousing emotions are |
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limbic system |
the "seat" of emotions |
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insula |
receives and integrates somatosensory signals from entire body; involved in awareness of bodily states |
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amygdala |
processes emotional significance of stimuli and involved in emotional learning |
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James-Lange theory |
detection of bodily responses leads the person to feel an emotion |
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Facial feedback hypothesis |
facial expression trigger experience of emotions; Laird's pencil experiment |
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Cannon-Bard theory |
info about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex (emotional) and the body (physiological) resulting in emotional experience and bodily reactions independently |
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Schacter-Singer two factory theory |
physiological responses to all emotional stimuli are virtually the same and this arousal is interpreted differently depending on environmental cues. label results in emotions |
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affect-as-info theory |
We use our current moods to make more global judgements & appraisals. |
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motivation |
a process that energizes, guides and maintains behavior toward a goal |
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self efficacy |
expectations that your efforts will lead to success; predicts success in number of domains |
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self regulation |
modifying behavior to attain personal goals |
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delay gratification |
post pone immediate gratification in pursuit of long-term goals. relatively stable throughout ones life. predicts social functioning, academic achievement and health |
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biopsychosocial model |
mental and physical health is dependent on biological, psychological, and social factors |
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BMI |
ratio of body weight to height used to measure obesity. people who are underweight or extremely obese are at increased risk for premature death. distribution of body fat may have greater influence on health than absolute amount of fat |
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Social Brain Hypothesis |
primates have large prefrontal cortexes because they live in dynamic and complex social groups. Humans automatically & pervasively form groups |
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outgroup homogeneity effect |
tendency to view outgrip members as less varied than in-group members |
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cross race effect |
superior performance in recognizing faces of one's own race, relative to faces of another race |
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social facilitation |
presence of others generally enhances performance |
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Triplett bike study |
fist social psychology experiment. bicyclists pedal faster when they ride with other people vs alone |
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Zajonc's model |
if task is easy, presence of others will enhance performance, if task is difficult presence of others will impair performance |
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Asch's conformity experiment |
study of "visual acuity" participants had to guess right cards alone and with a group. participants conformed to incorrect cards |
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Milgram's study |
participants ordered to administer potentially fatal shocks and complied because an authority figure told them to |
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foot in the door effect |
if people agree to a small request, they become more likely to comply w/ a larger request |
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Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment |
researchers made male students play roles of prisoners and guards |
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deindividuation |
a state of reduced individuality/self awareness and reduced attention to personal standards of conduct, can be induced via group formation |
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attitudes |
positive or negative evaluation of and object, event or idea
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mere exposure effect |
idea that greater exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking for it |
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attribution |
explanation for why and event/action occurred |
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fundamental attribution error |
when explaining other people's behavior, we tend to focus on personality; when explaining our own behavior, we tend to focus on situations |
