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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

The kidney plays a central role in BP regulation. How does it do that?

RAAS

What is the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction?

Kidney stone

Most uncomplicated UTIs are cause by what organism?

E. coli

How do the bacteria enter the urinary tract ( usually)?

Urethra

Does the Intracellular fluid contain the fluids found in the interstitial spaces?

No

Does the Sodium potassium pump appear ONLY in RBCs?

No

Is sodium the most abundant anion in the body?

Yes

We often see edema but often it is not life threatening. Is edema of the brain, larynx, or lungs considered dangerous? Even life threatening?

Yes

What is the major buffer system in the body? the protein buffer, the bicarg buffer, the plasma buffer or the renal buffer?

Protein

How are disorders of the G.I Tract manifested? What will you see in your patients?

Anorexia - probably to begin with, along with nausea and vomiting

We often say the GI tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body. What hormones does it produce?

Gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin

Many of your patients will have metabolic syndrome - we covered that a few units ago - please review your notes on this topic.

Constellation of disorders (central obesity, HLP, pre-HTN & elevated FBS) - high risk for developing DM2 & cardiovascular complications (mortality).

Generally speaking two things can cause an endocrine hormonal problem. These two things are ...............what?

Overproduction, underproduction

The liver is a versatile organ and has many functions. Is one of it's functions the production of minerals and vitamins?

No

What are some complications of peptic ulcer disease?

Bleeding, obstruction & perforation

What are the two major systems which coordinate to provide the means by which cell and tissue functions are integrated into a solitary surviving organism?

Endocrine and Neurological

Gall bladder disease because of gall stones is usually treat by what method?

Removal/surgery

What is the number one cause of failure to adequately control chronic pain?

Undertreatment, not soon enough and withholding meds

Where does diverticular disease occur?

Most common in sigmoid colon.

Where does the mucosal layer herniate?

Muscularis layer

What is the most common cause of Dementia?

Alzheimers

Anemia refers to a deficiency of what?

RBCs

Know different types of Anemia

Macrocytic-Normochromic: Pernicious & folate




Microcytic-Hypochromic: Iron deficiency & sideroblastic




Normocytic-Normochromic: Aplastic , posthemorrhagic, hemolytic and anemia of chronic inflammation

What is the cause of macrocytic-normochromic anemia?

Folic acid deficiency, pernicious anemia

Can hemolytic anemia result in jaundice?

Yes

Is it true that hypoxia is the end result of anemia?

Yes

Do you know the principle of osmotic neutrality? Do you know what that means?

Positive and negative charges in blood plasma must be equal to one another - the body strives for this homeostasis

Define an acid

Something that dinates an H ion

What is the most significant consequence of hyperkalemia?

Arrhythmias (cardiac death)

Is it true that of the 60% of the body weight made up of water, about 3 liters is the intravascular water?

Yes

So we don't want to lose a lot of that intracellular fluid - although when I complain that I have cut my finger my husband reminds me that I will not bleed forever - it is finite.

Understand

Give me some clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma

Bone pain and M protein and renal damage. Weakness and fracture

Why is a relatively high BP maintained in the glomerulus of the kidney?

Regulate GFR - afferent arteriole is larger than the effernt

If there is bone marrow depression will you see leukocytosis?

No

If a hypotonic solution is infused intravenously into a patient, will the fluid movement be from vascular to interstitial?

Vascular to interstitial

What is a waste product of protein metabolism?

Urea

If there is albumin in the urine, would this indicate probable damage to the glomeruli?

Yes

We know of a condition of the kidney that involved a history of infection with group A hemolytic strep. What is this condition?

Glomerulonephritis

Can you tell me if chronic kidney disease may result from hypertension?

Yes

How about chronic inflammation of the kidney?

Yes

Hematuria in the absence of proteinuria indicates injury to what structure? The glomerulus, the ureter?

Ureter

What hormone regulates RBC production?

Erythropoetin

Nephrotoxins such as antibiotics may be responsible for what kind of kidney injury?

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)! So watch how and when you order, right?

What is the most abundant protein in blood plasma?

Albumin

When you order a hematocrit - what are you asking for?

% RBC in a given volume of blood

Does a differential count of WBCs include a reticulocyte count?

No - reticulocyte is an immature RBC

How can the lab detect reticulocytes from more mature RBCs?

Look up! You all should know what is different about a retic. If you have a patient with a suspected GI bleed - a slow bleed - and you do a count - and you see a lot of retics - then you would have help with your diagnosis

What is the principal disorder in pernicious anemia?

lack of intrinsic factor = no metabolism of vitamin b 12

What is a major clinical sign of ischemic colitis?

rectal bleeding

What is the cell from which ALL ( Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) arises?

B cell

Can thrombocytopenia be caused by viruses that stimulate platelet production?

No

Is polycystic kidney disease an autosomal dominant disorder?

Yes

Would you know how to counsel this patient?

Could you explain the inheritance?

How would you describe the mitochondria?

power house of cell

what is the most significant consequence of underproduction of Cortisone which can occur in acute adrenal insufficiency?

Death. Note: when you plan to withdraw a patient who has been on cortisone therapeutically for a long period