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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
disease
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condition in which normal function is disturbed
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illness
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sensation of experiencing a diesased state
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sickness
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state of being ill
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health
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abscence of illness/injury
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non-specific (innate) immunity
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general defenses:
anatomic barriers inflammatory barriers phagocytosis physiologic barriers |
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specific (adaptive) immunity
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protects against certain pathogens
acquired, long-term has memory cell mediated immunity humoral immunity |
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cell mediated immunity
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recognition: T cell recognizes antigen
attack: immune cells cause cell death memory: more rapid response next time |
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humoral immunity
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recognition: B cells recognize antigen
attack: antibodies attack antigen memory: more rapid response next time |
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steps in antibody production for B cells
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antigen activates B cell
B cells proliferate w/ aid of helper T cells antibodies secreted antibodies help to destroy antigen |
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steps in antibody production for T cells
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antigen enters tissue
macrophages and lysosomes attack antigens displayed on surface of macrophage helper T cells activate cytokines stimulate B cell proliferation B cells make antibodies antibodies help destroy antigen |
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diffs btw T and B cells
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B cells differentiate in bone marrow
T cells differentiate in thymus B cells = 20-30% of circulating lymphocytes T cells = 70-805 of circulating lymphocytes B cell = humoral response, attack indirectly via antibodies T cell = cell mediated response, interact directly with antigen |
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health plans needed to ensure...
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prevention and treatment
health recorded and reviewed action plans made |
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health plans should include...
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biosecurity
quarantine vaccination parasite control culling |
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Where/when was Lolita captured?
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Aug 8, 1970
Puget Sound, Penn Cove Inlet |
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why study behavior?
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easy to observe
non-invasive get info about needs, preferences, and internal states get baseline info |
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ethology
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scientific study of animal behavior in natural conditions
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ethogram
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detailed list of species-specific behaviors
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behavioral repertoire
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full range of behaviors in the wild
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time budget
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how animals allocate their time to diff behaviors
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3 categories of normal behavior
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what animal wants to do any time
what animal wants to do when environment dictates what animal doesn't want to do |
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behavioral need
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cause frustration if prevented
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behaviors motivated by...
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internal cues
external cues combo of internal and external cues |
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conflicting motivation
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desire to perform 2 or more unrelated activities
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behavioral indicators of good welfare
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alert and curious
range of activity interacts w/ other animals interacts with or avoids humans plays |
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behavioral indicators of poor welfare
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limited range of activity
abnormal actions towards humans aggression toward conspecifics stereotypies displacement activities |
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displacement activities
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normal activities direct towards inappropriate substrates
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self-injurious behaviors
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deliberate, repetitive, non-lethal harming of oneself
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behavioral assessment methods
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preference and motivation tests
fear tests cognitive bias (judgement) qualitative behavioral assessment |
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qualatative behavioral assessment
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assessing observers interpretations of animal's behaviors
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stress
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state of disharmony or threatend homeostasis
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types of stressors
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physical facotrs
psychological factors |
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sympathtic adrenal medullary (SAM) stress response pathway
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division of PNS, autonomic nervous system
noradrenaline and adrenaline (catecholamines) fight or flight |
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hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) stress response pathway
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neuroendocrine system
cortisol, SCTH, CRH mediator of endocrine responses increases mobilization of energy stores not as fast a response as SAM |
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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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division of PNS
maintains homeostasis contains SAM (fight/flight) contains parasympathetic nervous system (rest & digest) neuroendocrine system (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland) cortisol mobilizes energy stores in short term |