Exam 3

Front 1

How many bones are involved in movement?

Back 1

177

Front 2

The skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

Back 2

Axial skeleton

Front 3

bones composing the body appendages

Back 3

appendicular skeleton

Front 4

What are the functions of the Skeleton?

Back 4

support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage, endocrine regulation, and storage of fats

Front 5

What provides the bones with stiffness and determines its comprehensive strength?

Back 5

calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

Front 6

Ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material

Back 6

stiffness

Front 7

ability to resist pressing or squeezing force

Back 7

comprehensive strength

Front 8

ability to resist pulling or stretching force

Back 8

tensile strength

Front 9

bone is 25%-30%?

Back 9

water

Front 10

compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones

Back 10

cortical bone

Front 11

less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity that is found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae

Back 11

trabecular bone

Front 12

also called cortical bone, contains osteocytes and creates a shell around trabecular bone

Back 12

compact bone

Front 13

also called trabecular bone, spongelike appearance, forming cells filled with marrow and fat

Back 13

cancellous bone

Front 14

Cortical bone is stiffer, so it can withstand more...but less...?

Back 14

more stress, less strain

Front 15

trabecular bone is spongy, therefor it can withstand more...but less...?

Back 15

more strain, less stress

Front 16

distribution of force within the body, quantified as force divided by the area over which the force acts

Back 16

stress

Front 17

amount of deformation divided by the original length of the structure or by the original angular orientation of the structure

Back 17

strain

Front 18

known as brittle bone disease. causes bones to weaken and break easily. break down of bones

Back 18

osteogenesis

Front 19

a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (bone deposition).

Back 19

bone remodeling

Front 20

when osteoblasts secrete(create) new bone

Back 20

bone deposition

Front 21

when osteoclasts break down old bone

Back 21

bone resorption

Front 22

specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue

Back 22

osteoblasts

Front 23

specialized bone cells that resorb bone tissue

Back 23

osteoclasts

Front 24

bone-forming cell that has become entrapped within the bone matrix (the hard part of bone).

Back 24

osteocytes

Front 25

what factors affect bone remodeling?

Back 25

age, mechanical environment, hormones, injury, etc.

Front 26

Indicates that bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease

Back 26

Wolff's law

Front 27

increase in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoblast activity

Back 27

bone hypertrophy

Front 28

decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoclast activity

Back 28

bone atrophy

Front 29

how do osteoclasts work?

Back 29

bone degrading cell. a giant cell with many nuclei. crawls along bone surfaces. breaks down bone tissue. secretes concentrated hydrochloric acid. lysosomal enzymes are released to digest organic part of matrix

Front 30

how to osteoblasts work?

Back 30

synthesize collagen

Front 31

cubical, include the carpals and tarsals. provide limited gliding motions and serve as shock absorbers

Back 31

short bones

Front 32

protect underlying organs and soft tissues and also provide large areas for muscle and ligament attachments. include scapulae, sternum, ribs, patellae, and some bones of the skull

Back 32

flat bones

Front 33

have different shapes to fulfill different functions. offer processes for muscle attachment, protective, and support. examples are sacrum, coccyx, vertebrae, and maxilla

Back 33

irregular bones

Front 34

adapted in size and weight for certain biomechanical functions. long, rough cylindrical shaft. contains tubercles, tuberosities, and condyles. contain articular cartilage. examples are the ulna, femur, tibia, etc

Back 34

long bone

Front 35

growth center of a bone that produces new bone tissue as part of the normal growth process until it closes during adolescence or early adulthood.

Back 35

epiphysis

Front 36

long, roughly cylindrical shaft of long bone

Back 36

diaphysis

Front 37

protects the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact with other bones. self lubricating

Back 37

articular cartilage

Front 38

the part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate in long bones once a person has reached their full adult height

Back 38

epiphyseal line

Front 39

central hollow area of long bone

Back 39

medullary cavity

Front 40

double-layered membrane covering bone; muscle tendons attach to the outside layer, and the internal layer is site of osteoblast cavity

Back 40

periosteum

Front 41

a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.

Back 41

endosteum

Front 42

a matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong collagenous fibres connecting periosteum to bone

Back 42

sharpeys fibers

Front 43

a straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end.

Back 43

mechanical axis

Front 44

trabeculae develop based on the stresses placed on a bone with respect to its mechanical axis. only grow trabecular as a kid.

Back 44

trabecular alignment

Front 45

exhibits different mechanical properties in respsonse to loads from different directions. bone tissue is...

Back 45

anisotropic

Front 46

bone is strongest in resisting _______and weakest in resisting ____forces

Back 46

strongest in compression, weakest in shear forces

Front 47

epiphysis is a part of a bone separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage. epiphyseal cartilage is where growth occurs. when this cartilage ossifies, closure is complete, no more growth can occur

Back 47

epiphyseal plates

Front 48

cartilage building cells

Back 48

chondroblasts

Front 49

growing bones wider as they lengthen.

Back 49

circumferential growth

Front 50

growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface

Back 50

appositional growth

Front 51

osteoblasts: add bone tissue to the external surface of the disaphysis. live in the pereosteum membrane. osteoclasts: remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis, in the endosteum membrane

Back 51

blank

Front 52

bone mineral density graph. points on graph are puberty peak and menopause. when born, some bone mineral density, start out low. itll grow rapidly until you hit puberty at around 14. between 28 and 32 we are still getting bone mass, but not as rapid. then lose bone mass gradually until about 55 (menopause). for women, start to list it more rapidly. men: men have greater bone density through out life, and around 55, lose bone mineral density less rapidly than women

Back 52

BMD

Front 53

bone mineral density greater than 2.5 standard deviations below that of a normal 25 year old female

Back 53

osteoporosis

Front 54

bone mineral density between 1.0 and 2.5 standard deviation below a normal 25 year old female

Back 54

osteopenia

Front 55

Type 1 Osteoporosis

Back 55

Post -Menopausal.

occurs in the first 15 years after menopause. affects 40% of women after age 50

Front 56

Type 2 Osteoporosis

Back 56

Age-Associated.

-affects most women and men after age 70. after age 60, 90% of all fractures are associated with osteoporosis

Front 57

Type 3 Osteoporosis

Back 57

Spaced induced. disease

Front 58

Type 4 Osteoporosis

Back 58

medicine-induced (anti-seizure meds)

Front 59

Osteoporosis and Osteopenia

Back 59

osteoclast activity>osteoblasts. bones become porous and brittle. more common in women than in men.

Front 60

DXA scan:

Back 60

Dual Energy Absorptiometry. clinical evaluations involve regional analysis within a bone. z: how your doing compared to the normal. T: osteoporosis diagnosis. T score younger than a Z score.

Front 61

T<-1.0

Back 61

osteopenia

Front 62

T<-2.5

Back 62

osteoporosis

Front 63

Standard Model for Female Athlete Triad

Back 63

Eating disorder leads to: Amenorrhea and osteoporosis

Front 64

The "real" female athelte triad

Back 64

when female athletes have very low body fat...not eating enough for the amount of activity done(or at times, an eating disorder): low body fat leads to low estrogen which leads to amenorrhea(absense of menstruation) and osteoporosis

Front 65

disruption in the continuity of a bone

Back 65

fracture

Front 66

a fracture resulting from repeated loading of a relatively low magnitude

Back 66

stress fracture

Front 67

progressive bone pathology associated with repeated loading

Back 67

stress reaction

Front 68

one fragments into three or more pieces

Back 68

comminuted fracture (common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle.happens in bad trauma. shattered bone.)

Front 69

bone collapses in on weak trabecular. bone is crushed

Back 69

compression fracture

Front 70

caused by torsion

Back 70

spiral fracture

Front 71

fracture of growth plate.

Back 71

epiphyseal fracture

Front 72

broken bone portion is pressed inward. usually in skull

Back 72

depressed fracture

Front 73

happens most often in children. bone bends and cracks, rather than breaking. due to children having a lot of collagen

Back 73

greenstick fracture

Front 74

incomplete longitudinal break

Back 74

fissured fracture

Front 75

incomplete fracture in children in which one side of bone buckles out upon itself without disrupting the other side

Back 75

buckle fracture

Front 76

complete break, horizontally, at right angle to the axis of the bone

Back 76

transverse fracture

Front 77

complete break that occurs not at a right angle, not straight horizontally across bone

Back 77

oblique fracture

Front 78

is a transverse or oblique fracture easier to set?

Back 78

oblique

Front 79

just a bone fracture. does not penetrate skin

Back 79

simple fracture

Front 80

protrudes though the skin

Back 80

compound fracture

Front 81

realignment of broken ends

Back 81

reduction

Front 82

physician aligns using hands and x-ray

Back 82

closed reduction

Front 83

surgically aligned with pins or wires

Back 83

open reduction

Front 84

Articulations

Back 84

structure and function of joints are so interrelated that it is difficult to discuss them separately. the configuration of the bones that form an articulation, together with the reinforcing ligaments, determine and limit the movements of the joint. generally, stability and range of motion are inversely related. a joint that doesnt move much is stable, a joint that moves a lot is not sstable

Front 85

Based on presence or absence of a joint cavity

Back 85

Structural classifications of joints. Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diathrosis

Front 86

Synathrosis

Back 86

no articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane or synovial fluid.

Sutures: connected by fibers that are continuous with the periosteum. no movement permitted. the skull is the only example in the body.

Syndesmoses: connected by fibrous tissue, permitting very little movement.

coracoacromial joint: between coracoid and acromion process on scapula

tibiofibular joints

Front 87

Amphiarthrosis

Back 87

permit more motion than syndesmoses. still no articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane or synovial fluid.

-synchondroses (cartilage): articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

-sternocostal

-epiphyseal plates in children

-symphyses: fibrocartialge is present between the articulating bones

-intervertebral joints

- pubic syphysis

Front 88

Diarthrosis

Back 88

Freely movable joint. articular cavity that contains synovial fluid, ligamentous capsule, synovial membrane surfaces are smooth. surfaces are covered with hyaline cartialge (knee).

Front 89

Types of Diarthrotic Joints

Back 89

1. uniaxial: gliding, pivot, hinge. 2.Biaxial: condyloid, saddle. 3. Triaxial: ball and socket, bicondyloid

Front 90

Articular surfaces are flat planes. short gliding movements are allowed. Example: intertarsal and intercarpal joints. movements are non axial

Back 90

gliding joints

Front 91

cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on anoher bone. angular movement is allowed in one plane. example: elbow,ankle, and joints between phalanges of fingers and toes. movement is uniaxial.

Back 91

hinge joint

Front 92

classified as uniaxial, rotating bone only turns around its long axis. examples: proximal radioulnar joint (supination pronation), joint between atlas and axis of spine (1st and 2nd vertebrae)( shaking head no)

Back 92

pivot joint

Front 93

convex surface articulates with concave surface. allow moving bone to travel: side to side-abduction,adduction. back and forth(flexion-extension). circumduction. biaxial movement. example: metacarpalphalangeal, wrist joints

Back 93

Condyloid joints

Front 94

similar to condyloid joint, butmore bone mass is cut away,so joint has more range of motion. each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces. classified as biaxial joints. first carpometacarpal (thumb)

Back 94

saddle joints

Front 95

spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another. triaxial. shoulder and hip joints

Back 95

ball and socket

Front 96

Two convex and two concave surfaces. more range of motion than a typical hinge or conyloid joint. about 8 degree of rotation and 8 degree of absuction/adduction occur when you walk. KNEE JOINT

Back 96

bicondyloid joint

Front 97

Most abundant type of cartilage. provides support via flexibility and resilience

Back 97

hyaline cartilage

Front 98

able to tolerate repeated bending. outer ear. epiglottis. tip of nose

Back 98

elastic cartilage

Front 99

very strong in resisting tension and compression.annulus fibrosus (intervertebral discs). example: menisci of knee, interveterabral discs, TMJ, and pubic symphysis

Back 99

Fibrocartilage (shock absorption)

Front 100

comprised of hyaline cartilage. consists of chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen and other proteins. chondrocytes maintain and restore cartilage from wear, although this ability decreases with age, disease and injury

Back 100

articular cartilage

Front 101

Function of articular cartilage

Back 101

distributes load over a wide area to reduce stress on tissues. reduces it more than 50%. allows movement at joints with minimal friction and tear (lubricates joints so that friction is less than half of skate on ice). acts like a sponge to soak up and release or disperse synovial fluid

Front 102

Why can I crack my knuckles?

Back 102

nitrogen is within synovial fluid. low pressure on joint results in nitrigen gas coming out of the fluid. the little nitrogen gas bubbles joint together into one big bubble. when you crack your knuckles, you are bursting that bubble. cracking is following by decreased pain and increased range of motion of the joint. will not be able to crack knuckles again until nitrogen escapes from synovial fluid again, usualy 25-30 minuts

Front 103

the ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones.

Back 103

joint stability

Front 104

joint orientation where contact between articulating surfaces is at a maximuum (most stable position)

Back 104

close packed position

Front 105

any orientation other than the close-packed position

Back 105

loose packed position

Front 106

Factors contributing to joint stability

Back 106

bony structure:more contact area, more stable. ligaments:tighter ligaments, more stable. muscle tone/tension:more muscle tone, more stable. fascia.atmospheric pressure

Front 107

Shape of bony structure

Back 107

may refer to type of joint (hinge, condyloid, or ball and socket). or specific characteristics of a joint (depth of joint socket (shoulder vs hip)), generally the more aritculating surfaces are in contact with one another, the more stable the joint

Front 108

Role of ligaments in joint stability

Back 108

ligaments are strong, flexible, stress resistant, somehwat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords around a joint. help mainting relationship of bones.check movement at normal limits of joint.resist movements for which joint is not designed.will stretch when subject to prolonged stress.once stretched, their function is affected. medical intervention is needed to shorten them again

Front 109

Role of musscles in joint stability

Back 109

muscle force can help stabilize or destabilize joint, depending on joint posistion. typically muscles stabilize the joint, but in some positions they can dislocate a joint

Front 110

Role of muscles in joint stablility

Back 110

muscles are also particularly helpful in stabilizing joint when bony strucure contributes little to stability

Front 111

Role of fascia in joint stabilization

Back 111

fascia consists of fibrous connective tissue.may form thin membranes or tough fibrous sheets. intense or prolonged stress may cause premanent stretch. iliotibial tract is an example

Front 112

atomspheric pressure

Back 112

atmospheritc pressure pushes on the outside of the joint with a greater force that the outward pushing force within the joint cavity. low pressure system, joints expand and you can feel when its going to rain

Front 113

Knee stability

Back 113

the knee is very unstable in terms of its design. the contact of articulating surfaces is minimal, resulting in relatively large range of motion. the knee is dependent on ligaments and tendons for stability. injuries to these soft tissues are common

Front 114

factors influencing joint range of motion

Back 114

three primary factors affect stability of a joint are also related to range of motion. 1. shape/contact area of articular surfaces.2. restraining effect of ligaments. 3. muscles and tendons. additional factors include: gender, body build, heredity, occupation, exercise, and age

Front 115

measuring joint range of motion

Back 115

measure degrees from starting position or anatomical position to its max movement. goniometer: axis place directly over center of joint, one arm held stationary, other arm held to moving segment. film, video, or digital image recording: joint centers are marked to be visible in projected image. joint angles can be taken from images. segment action must occur in picture plane

Front 116

Flexibility and injury

Back 116

risk of injury is heightened when joint flexibility if extremely high or extremely low. desirable amount of flexibility is very dependent on the activity. the decreased flexibility with aging is primarily related to decreased physical activity