Exam 3

Front 1

The class of RNA found in ribosomes are called _______ ___ or _____ for short

Back 1

Ribosomal RNA;rRNA

Front 2

During polypeptide synthesis ____ provides the site where polypeptides are ________

Back 2

rRNA;assembled

Front 3

3 Major classes of RNA are...

Back 3

rRNA,tRNA,and mRNA

Front 4

______ ___ molecules transport the _____ _____ to the ribosome and _____ each amino acid in the correct place on the elongating polypeptide chain

Back 4

Transfer RNA;amino acids;position

Front 5

Human Chromosones contain about ___ different kinds of tRNA molecules

Back 5

45

Front 6

_______ ____ molecules are long strands of RNA that are _______ from DNA and travel to the _______ to direct precisly which amino acids are assembled into polypeptides

Back 6

Messenger RNA;transcribed;ribosomes

Front 7

_____ _____:Info passes from the genes to an RNA copy of the gene and the RNA copy directs the essential assembly of a chain of amino acids

Back 7

Central Dogma

Front 8

The first step to the central dogma is the ______ of info from ____ to ___,which occurs when an _____ copy of the gene is produced
This stage is called ________

Back 8

transfer;DNA to RNA;mRNA
Transcription

Front 9

Transcription is initiated when the enzyme ____ _______ binds to a _______ binding site located at the beginning of the gene

Back 9

RNA Polymerase;Promoter

Front 10

Transcription happens in the ______ of eukaryotes

Back 10

Nucleus

Front 11

For Polypeptide: ____ to ____ to ________

Back 11

DNA;mRNA;Polypeptide

Front 12

The second step of the Central Dogma is ________.

Back 12

Translation

Front 13

Translation is called such bcuz the nucleotide sequence of the _____ transcript is ________ into an amino acid sequence in the polypeptide

Back 13

mRNA;translated

Front 14

Translation:_____ to ________

Back 14

mRNA to Polypeptide

Front 15

Biologists refer to the 2 steps in the central dogma as _____ ______

Back 15

gene expression

Front 16

Translation, utilizes ____ and the ____ _____

Back 16

tRNA;Genetic code

Front 17

Ribosomes containig _____ and ____ are found in Translation
They catalyze formation of _______ bond

Back 17

protein;rRNA;peptide

Front 18

In transcription, an RNA Polymerase enzyme synthesizes ___ ______, a copy of 1 strand of DNA of gene

Back 18

RNA transcript

Front 19

______ are a series of blocks of info

Back 19

Codons

Front 20

The genetic code is read in increments consisting of __ nucleotides,AKA ____ _____,and that reading occurs _______ w/o punctuation b/w the 3 nucleotide units

Back 20

3;Triplet Code;continuously

Front 21

The genetic code is not quite ________

Back 21

Universal

Front 22

Only 1 of the 2 strands of DNA,called the _______ strand is transcribed
(Transcription in Prokaryotes)

Back 22

template

Front 23

The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the ______ strand
(Transcription in Prokaryotes)

Back 23

Coding

Front 24

The coding strand has the the same sequence as the RNA transcript except _ takes the place of _
(Transcription in Prokaryotes)

Back 24

T;U

Front 25

Transcription in Prokaryotes is synthesized ______ and relativly ________

Back 25

rapidly;accuratly

Front 26

In Prokaryotes,no ______ is neede

Back 26

primer

Front 27

In Prokaryotes,Transcription starts at a ________ site

Back 27

Promoter

Front 28

________ is a sequence of nucleotides which tells RNA Polymerase which DNA strand to use

Back 28

Promoter

Front 29

Prokaryote promoters contain ____nt which is a sequence called the ______ box
They also contain a ___nt.(upstream) sequence where transcription actually starts

Back 29

-10;TATA;-35

Front 30

Promoters may be ______ or ______

Back 30

strong;weak

Front 31

In eukaryotes,acess to promoter depends upon state of ______ ______.

Back 31

chromatin coiling

Front 32

Promoters in eukaryotes contain a ___sequence referred to as the ______ box and additional nucleotide signals ________

Back 32

-25;TATAAA;upstream

Front 33

Promoters and their genes may be on either ____ strand. Rarely are both strands ________ at once

Back 33

DNA;transcribed

Front 34

In prokaryotes, the region containing the RNA Polymerase,DNA and growing RNA transcript is called the ______ ______ bcuz it contains an unwound bubble of ___

Back 34

Transcription Bubble;DNA

Front 35

The RNA-DNA rotates each time a ________ is added so that the 3'end of the RNA stays at the _______ ____

Back 35

nucleotide;catalytic site

Front 36

The simplest stop signal is a series og _-_ base pairs followed by a series of _-_ base pairs

Back 36

G-C;A-T

Front 37

The pairing of __ with DNA's __ is the weakest of the 4 hybrid base pairs and is not strong enough to hold the hybrid strands together during the long pause...which causes _______

Back 37

U;A;Termination

Front 38

Name 3 eukaryotic promoters

Back 38

RNA Polymerase 1,2 and 3

Front 39

The ____ box is a second core promoter foun in most genes

Back 39

CAAT

Front 40

In eukaryotes, the initiation of transcription occurs at RNA polymerase __ promoters

Back 40

2

Front 41

Unusual 5' to 5' linkage is found only in the __ ___

Back 41

5' cap

Front 42

A major difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that in eukaryotes, the end of the transcript is not the end of the _____

Back 42

mRNA

Front 43

In eukaryotes,new nucleotides are added to the __ end

Back 43

3'

Front 44

In eukaryotes,the RNA Polymerase synthesizes single stranded RNA ______ to ______ strand of DNA

Back 44

complentry;template

Front 45

In eukaryotes,transcription begins at a ______ site and ends at a ______ site

Back 45

promoter;terminator

Front 46

In transcription of eukaryotes no _____ is needed

Back 46

primer

Front 47

There is much ________ modification in eukaryotes

Back 47

posttranscriptional

Front 48

Transcription in eukaryotes differs from that in prokaryotes in that there are __ RNA Ploymerase enzymes,an ______ complex forms at the promoter, and the RNAs are modified _____ transcription

Back 48

3;initiation;after

Front 49

Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized as ___-____ and processed in the nucleus

Back 49

pre-mRNA

Front 50

(Eukaryotic mRNA)
At the 5'end,___ cap is placed at inverted position.This is essential for ______ recognitionn

Back 50

GTP;Ribosome

Front 51

(Eukaryotic mRNA)
The poly-A tail is located at the __ end

Back 51

3'

Front 52

(Eukaryotic mRNA)
The ____-__ ____ plays a role in the ______ of mRNAs by protecting them form degradation

Back 52

poly-A tail;stability

Front 53

A nontemplated addition of ~50-250 A nucleotides happens in the __ end by the ___-__ _______

Back 53

3';poly-A polymerase

Front 54

(Eukaryotic mRNA)
_____ are the intervwning sequences that are removed

Back 54

Introns

Front 55

Translation in prokaryotes tkaes place on _______ ____

Back 55

growing mRNA

Front 56

Translation in eukaryotes tkaes place in _______ on free ribosomes and ___

Back 56

cytoplasm;RER

Front 57

Translation requires what 4 things?

Back 57

mRNA,tRNA,ribsomes(rNA,proteins),and translation factors(various proteins)

Front 58

In the genetic code, the start codon is ____ and the stop codn is ____
(Translation)

Back 58

AUG;ORF(open reading frame)

Front 59

Experiments show that _____ is translated __ nucleotides at a time.
Start:___
Stop:____,____,____
ORF:Open Reading Frame b/w _____ and _____

Back 59

mRNA;3;AUG;UGA,UAA,UAG;start and stop

Front 60

Translation occurs __ nucleotides at a time and each 3 nucleotides is a _____

Back 60

3;codon

Front 61

Nonsense codons are recognized by _______ _______

Back 61

release factors

Front 62

tRNA has ____ _____
______ bonds with codon

Back 62

anti codon;hydrogen

Front 63

_____ catalyzes joing of amino acids

Back 63

rRNA

Front 64

The genetic code has ___ triplet codons

Back 64

64

Front 65

The genetic code was eperimentally deciphered in ____(Nobel Prizes)

Back 65

1961

Front 66

)Genetic Code)
Nearly _________ codons used in all living things

Back 66

identical

Front 67

The ______ ____ is still evolving

Back 67

Genetic Code

Front 68

Translation proceeds from _____ codon,translating each successive codon until the _____ signal is reached

Back 68

start;stop

Front 69

The tRNA transfers ____

Back 69

RNA

Front 70

2 important parts of the tRNA are the ____-______ and the __ end

Back 70

anti-codon;3'

Front 71

The 3' end of tRNA contains ________-____ _______ and it also accepts the ______ ____

Back 71

aminoaceyl-tRNA synthetase;amino acid

Front 72

Name 4 players of elongation in Translation

Back 72

Ribsome,mRNA,tRNAs and elongation factors

Front 73

______ _____ assist in binding a tRNA molecule with the appropriate anticodon to the exposed _____ codon at the A site

Back 73

Elongation Factors;mRNA

Front 74

In prokaryotes, polypeptide synthesis begins with the formation of an ______ _____

Back 74

Initiation Complex

Front 75

Proteins called ______ _____ position the _____ on the ribosomal surface at the P site ,where peptide bonds will form

Back 75

initiation factors;tRNA^fmet

Front 76

Proper positioning of the _____ is critical bcuz it determines the reading frame---which group of 3 nucleotides will be read as codons

Back 76

mRNA

Front 77

In a process called ______ the ribosome now moves 3 more nucleotides along the mRNA molecule in the 5' to 3' direction,guidded by other elongation factors

Back 77

Translocation

Front 78

Incoming _____ enters the A site
_____ catalyzes peptide bond formation
Empty tRNA ______ via E site;recycled
A site ready for next charged _____
All steps in Elongation,Translocation

Back 78

tRNA;rRNA;leaves;tRNA

Front 79

Termination in Translation is the _______ of ribosome at stop codon allows _____ _____ to bind,releasing polypeptide and dissassociating ribsome subunits from ____

Back 79

pausing;release factor;mRNA

Front 80

Eukayotic Genomes are ______ that prokayotic genomes

Back 80

larger

Front 81

Eukaryotic genomes are contained in _______(mitochondria,Cloroplast)

Back 81

Nucleaus

Front 82

In eukaryotic genomes there is considerable ____ processing after _______

Back 82

RNA;Transcription

Front 83

Eukaryotic genes may be interrupted by 1 or more _______

Back 83

Introns

Front 84

In eukaryotic genes, _____ is transcribed and then removed by _______

Back 84

intron;splicesome

Front 85

In eukaryotes,coding rgions of gene may be interrupted by ______,noncoding regions of ___(RNA)

Back 85

introns;DNA

Front 86

_____:Often codes for functional domain of protein

Back 86

Exon

Front 87

The basic structure of eukaryotic genes is radically _______ from that of prokaryotic genes

Back 87

different

Front 88

The _______ is responsible for the splicing or remocal of the introns

Back 88

Splicesome

Front 89

Most eukaryotic genes _____ introns and prokaryotic genes _____ introns

Back 89

posses;lack

Front 90

Individual prokaryotic mRNA molecules often contain transcripts of ______ genes and Eukaryotic mRNA molecules rarely contain transcripts of more than __ gene

Back 90

several;1

Front 91

Eukaryotes mRNA molecules must be completely ______ and pass across the nuclear membrane before they are ________.
Prokaryotes often begin ________ of an mRNA molecule before its _______ is complete

Back 91

formed;translated;translation;transcription

Front 92

In prokaryotes translation begins at an ___ codon preceeded by a special _______ sequence

Back 92

AUG;Nucleotide

Front 93

Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are _______ before they are translated

Back 93

modified

Front 94

Ribosomes in ______ are a little larger than those of _________

Back 94

Eukaryotes;Prokaryotes

Front 95

______ are not essential to genes

Back 95

Introns

Front 96

Introns may constitute more than ___% of gene

Back 96

90

Front 97

Introns/Exons are removed from ___-____ to form _____

Back 97

pre-mRNA;mRNA

Front 98

________ does occur in prokaryotes but ordinarily they arenot processed

Back 98

Modification

Front 99

Promoter sequences tend to occupy ___ to ____ nucleotides

Back 99

20 to 100

Front 100

_______ refers to the affinity of transcripton factors

Back 100

Weakness

Front 101

State of _______ plays a major role in Eukaryotes(S Phase)

Back 101

Chromatin

Front 102

Are all genes transcribed from some strand of DNA?

Back 102

NO

Front 103

Single strand produced in ____

Back 103

RNA

Front 104

Every tRNA has a _______ enzyme that _______ the correct enzyme to it

Back 104

Companion;attatches

Front 105

The _____ ______ _____ gives info to make polypeptide

Back 105

Open Reading Frame

Front 106

In Prokaryotes,message is ________ as soon as it is a long chain

Back 106

translated

Front 107

Every tRNA has a _______ ______ that attatches the correct enzyme to it

Back 107

Companion Enzyme

Front 108

During Translation,Ribosomes scan in groups of __,starting with ____

Back 108

3;AUG

Front 109

During,Translation,a sequence has an ______ end and a ________ end.
The _______ end is the growing end

Back 109

Amino;Carboxyl;Carboxyl

Front 110

Some enzymes ________ Methionine

Back 110

remove

Front 111

tRNA contains a _____ _____ and a amino acid

Back 111

anit codon

Front 112

There is about ____ nucleotides in RNA

Back 112

70

Front 113

All tRNA have the _____ shape But they slighly vary. This slight variation is what allows ___________

Back 113

same;attatchment

Front 114

There are ___ sites for the tRNA

Back 114

3

Front 115

The 3 sites for tRNA are ...

Back 115

E,P and A

Front 116

Site E for tRNA is the ____ site,where RNA catalyzes _______ ____ formation

Back 116

exit;peptide bond

Front 117

The A site for tRNA is the ________ site
It accepts only certain ______ that will fit,does not accept just any one

Back 117

acceptor;tRNA

Front 118

The P site for tRNA ______ tRNA with growing polypeptide

Back 118

connects

Front 119

There is ___ and _____ in the splicesome

Back 119

RNA;Protein

Front 120

_____ are sequences that end up in the final message

Back 120

Exons

Front 121

Introns are ___ essential to genes
In some cases,___%of gene is introns

Back 121

not;90

Front 122

If Introns are not ________ removed it will alter the reading frame

Back 122

precisley

Front 123

All introns begin with ___ and end with ____

Back 123

GU;AG