Exam 3

Front 1

This neurotransmitter is heavily involved in encoding reward.

Back 1

Dopamine

Front 2

This type of conditioning is when an organism forms an association between their own behavior and reward.

Back 2

Instrumental Conditioning

Front 3

Dopamine neuron activity (increases/decrease/remains the same) when an EXPECTED reward occurs?

Back 3

Does not change.

Front 4

True or false: Lack of a DOPAMINE signal at the EXPECTED time of reward would (increase/decrease remain constant) the LIKELIHOOD of that particular BEHAVIOR?

Back 4

Decrease

Front 5

This area is implicated in IMAGINING or SIMULATING REWARDS.

Back 5

The Orbitofrontal Cortex

Front 6

Emotional processing is often processed in the ________ hemisphere, resulting in the left side of the face being more emotive.

Back 6

Right Hemisphere

Front 7

Volitional facial paresis results in the inability to display a complete _______ smile, while still being able to display a _________ smile.

Back 7

1) FAKE
2) Genuine/real

Front 8

This area of the brain is thought to link SENSORY information to EMOTIONAL information.

Back 8

The Amygdala

Front 9

This are of the brain may INHIBIT aggression, and is activated by this neurotransmitter.

Back 9

Orbiotfrontal cortex; Seratonin (5-HT)

Front 10

In low doses, how does alcohol create a stimulant effect?

Back 10

In low doses, alcohol BLOCKS NMDA causing an INCREASE of DOPAMINE in NAcc

Front 11

In high doses, how does alcohol create a depressant effect?

Back 11

In high doses alcohol facilitates GABA receptor ACTIVATION

Front 12

There is a good correlation between the "ADDICTIVENESS" of a drug and its ability to activate this system.

Back 12

Nucleus accumbens dopaminergic system

Front 13

PRETREATMENT with one drug INCREASES the likelihood of addiction to a DIFFERENT drug through this process.

Back 13

Cross-Sensitization

Front 14

Increasing _______ in the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS INCREASES the "LIKING" without increasing the "wanting."

Back 14

Opioids!

(Dopamine increases WANTING and NOT LIKING)

Front 15

Drugs lead to ABERRANT learning because they cause a dopamine signal that normal encodes an _________ reward.

Back 15

UNEXPECTED reward

Front 16

Stress activates the HPA axis, causing levels of this so-called "stress hormone" to increase.

Back 16

Cortisol or Glucocorticoids

(Corticosterone in rodents)

Front 17

The "Flight or Fight" component of the STRESS RESPONSE leads to INCREASED levels of these two neurotransmitters in the body.

Back 17

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

(adrenaline and noradrenaline ok too)

Front 18

Depressed persons have HIGH levels of _______, possibly due to reduced HPA ________.

Back 18

1) CORTISOL/GLUCOCORTICOIDS
2) Sensitivity or negative feedback or sensitivity to negative feed back

Front 19

Early life stress may lead to disrupted _____ in adulthood.

Back 19

HPA AXIS FUNCTIONING.
-Have HIGHER levels
-LESS neg feedback
-PROLONGED acute stress response

Front 20

These 4 psychological factors modulate how we respond to stress

Back 20

1) Control
2) Predictability
3) Outlets/Displacement
4) Habituation

Front 21

This term describes the effect of BETTER RECALL for the FIRST items in a list.

Back 21

Primacy effect

Front 22

Prefrontal cortex neurons fire during this phase of the "DELAYED RESPONSE TASK"?

(cue/delay/response)

Back 22

DELAY

Front 23

What type(s) of information do PFC neurons encode?

Back 23

Both SPATIAL/LOCATION & OBJECT IDENTITY

Front 24

Dopamine has this effect on PFC functioning?

(compare low vs medium vs high levels)

Back 24

Improves PREFERENCE CODING (preferred activity stands out from non-preferred activity).
-Decreases overall firing rate
Optimum Dopa. levels = Optimum PFC function
Too much/Too little = Suboptimum PFC function

Front 25

After presentation of many distractors, PFC neurons _______ their selectivity.

Back 25

Remember/Retain/Maintain

(PFC neurons resist distraction)

Front 26

Remembering your first day of school is an example of this LONG-TERM MEMORY.

Back 26

Episodic memory

Front 27

This area of the brain contributes to FEAR CONDITIONING.

Back 27

The Amygdala

Front 28

Scrub Jays will prefer to search for peanuts over worms if what condition is met?

Back 28

The worms were OLD/ decaying/ not fresh

Front 29

HIPPOCAMPAL place cells likely contribute to this important part of EPISODIC memory.

Back 29

RELATIONAL memory

Front 30

The HIPPOCAMPUS provides a(n) ______ for memories stored in ________.

Back 30

1) Index
2) The Cortex

Front 31

Leptin acts as a (Satiety/Hunger) signal by EXCITING these neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS.

Back 31

1) Satiety
2) CART/ MSH