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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three layers that form the wall of a blood vessel? What is the function of each?
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Tunica intima, innermost layer- Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels
Tunica media, the middle layer- Controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation Tunica externa, outermost layer- Collagen fibers that reinforce vessels |
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Differentiate between vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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Vasoconstriction- is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, small arterioles and veins.
Vasodilation- An agent that causes an increase in the diameter of a blood vessel |
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What is the structure and function of veins?
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Function- Circulate the blood back to the heart. Arteries carry it away from the heart. also the veins carry blood at lower pressures and carries de-oxygenated blood.
Structure- veins are large, thin-walled blood vessels that carry blood to the heart |
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Define blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance. How are they related to one another
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Blood Flow- The movement of blood through the vessels. It is pulsatile in the large arteries, diminishing in amplitude as it approaches the capillaries.
Blood Pressure- The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries. It varies with the strength of the heartbeat Resistance- opposition to flow |
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What are the factors that influence blood pressure? Describe how blood pressure is regulated.
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What influence blood pressure:
•Cardiac output (CO) •Peripheral resistance (PR) •Blood volume Your kidneys react to low blood pressure by producing a chemical called renin, which causes blood vessels to tighten, When your blood pressure begins to fall too low, a signal is sent to your brain. Your brain responds by producing chemicals called neurotransmitters, which cause your heart to beat faster and more forcefully and cause your blood vessels to tighten. |
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How is blood flow regulated in the body and in its specific organs?
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Tissues and organs within the body are able to intrinsically regulate, to varying degree, their own blood supply in order to meet their metabolic and functional needs. This is termed local or intrinsic regulation of blood flow.
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What are the functions of the lymphatic vessels?
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They're the network of vessels that carry white blood cells (just as the circulatory system's arteries and veins carry blood). White blood cells fight off pathogens.
The lymphatic system helps to maintain fluid balance, defend the body against disease and absorb liquids from the intestine and transport them to the blood . The Lymphatic System collects and returns fluid that leaks from blood vessels. It absorbs fats and vitamins. Lastly, it defends against invading microorganisms and disease |
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Describe the structure and distribution of lymphatic vessels
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Structure- lymph vessels are thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph.
Distribution- Lymphatic capillaries merge with other lymphatics to eventually form the main lymphatic trunks- Right lymphatic ducts- Receives lymph from the right upper quadrant and drains into the right subclavian vein- Thoracic duct- Lymph from the entire body except for the right upper quadrant drains into the thoracic duct which drains into the left internal jugular vein- Originates as a dilated structure the cisterna chyli in the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity. |
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Describe the mechanism of lymph transport.
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Uses the same methods as veins to
propel lymph •Pulsations of nearby arteries •Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics |
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Describe the basic structure of lymphoid tissue.
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Lymphatic follicles (nodules) – solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and cells
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What are the other lymphoid organs of the body? How are they different structurally and functionally?
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The spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils
Spleen Function & Structure- Site of lymphocyte proliferation •Immune surveillance and response •Cleanses the blood •Secondary functions •Stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse, Spleen macrophages salvage and store iron for later use by bone marrow, Site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally |
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What are the other lymphoid organs of the body? How are they different structurally and functionally?
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ceases after birth) Stores blood platelets. Structure- White pulp – area containing mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune
functions, Red pulp – remaining splenic tissue concerned with disposing of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens |
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What are the other lymphoid organs of the body? How are they different structurally and functionally?
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Thymus gland function & structure- structure- Thymic lobes contain an outer cortex and inner medulla, The cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages, The medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles.
Function- Site of T cell selection and maturation rather than a site of antigen screening |
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What are the other lymphoid organs of the body? How are they different structurally and functionally?
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Tonsil Structure and Funciton- Contain Crypts, act to trap and destroy microbes, exposure to antigens enhances the immune system, Structure- Lymphoid tissue of tonsils contains follicles with germinal centers
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What is your innate immune response?
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First line of defense (passive) – intact skin and mucosae presents a physical barrier to microorganisms
•Second line of defense (active) – antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells •Inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body •Inflammation is its hallmark and most important mechanism •Adaptive (specific) defense system •Third line of defense – mounts attack against particular foreign substances •Takes longer to react than the innate system •Works in conjunction with the innate system |
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Describe surface membrane barriers and their protective functions.
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Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions make up the first line of defense Presents a formidable physical barrier to most microorganisms Is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers weakened somewhat by the fact that the cells are alive and thus viable hosts for infection
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What is the importance of phagocytosis and natural killer cells in innate immunity?
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phagocytosis, the ingestion of invading organisms by certain types of white cells. Natural killers- Kill their target cells by releasing perforins and other cytolytic chemical
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Describe the inflammatory process. Be sure to identify the inflammatory chemicals and their roles.
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Inflammatory induces edema-The surge of protein-rich fluids into tissue spaces (edema):Helps to dilute harmful substances, Brings in large quantities of oxygen and nutrients needed for repair, Allows entry of clotting proteins, which prevents the spread of bacteria
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Name the body’s antimicrobial substances and their functions.
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Interferon (IFN)- Genes that synthesize IFN are activated when a host cell is invaded by a virus Interferon molecules leave the infected cell and enter neighboring cells Interferon stimulates the neighboring cells to activate antiviral genes PKR nonspecifically blocks viral reproduction in the neighboring cell
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Name the body’s antimicrobial substances and their functions.
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Complement- 20 or so proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form, Kills bacteria and certain other cell types (our cells are immune to complement)—punches holes in the membrane, Enhances the effectiveness of both nonspecific and specific defenses (targets bacteria for phagocytosis)
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How does fever protect the body?
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A fever is caused by the body's release of chemicals that stimulate the action of white blood cells by increasing the body's temperature. In turn it helps fight the problem
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What is your adaptive immune response?
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Adaptive immune--Lymphocytes each express a unique antigens receptor Thus, have a few cells that could potentially recognize almost any pathogen say 50 – 500 cells that recognize a particular pathogen If these cells come in contact with an antigen they expand into the millions but it takes 6-10 days
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Define antigen and antigenic determinant.
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ANTIGEN- a substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody, Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs.
ANTIGENIC- The portion of an antigen molecule that determines the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction |
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How do antigens affect the adaptive defenses?
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An antigen is a large molecule, usually a protein that provokes an immune response
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Name several antigen presenting cells and their roles in adaptive defenses.
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Macrophages, Dendritic cells & B cells B CELLS- B-cells are lymphocytes that fight off extracellular infection and call other leukocytes (white blood cells; I.E. T-cells) to the site of infection.
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Name several antigen presenting cells and their roles in adaptive defenses.
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DENDRITIC CELLS- Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. That is, they function as antigen-presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immunity
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Name several antigen presenting cells and their roles in adaptive defenses.
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MACROPHAGES- Macrophages attack foreign substances like toxins, bacteria, and viruses in the blood and tissue of the body by wrapping around and digesting them. They are small white blood cells that are part of the immune system.
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Describe the process of clonal selection of a B cell.
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The clonal selection theory explains why you body can generate immune cells that can specifically recognize and attack just about any pathogen you could encounter before even encountering them.Clonal selection occurs when a B-cell is activated. When the B-cell binds with a particular antigen, it begins to clone itself. That mean the cell begins to divide and produce cells (clones) that will also recognize the same antigen
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What is the role of plasma cells and memory cells in humoral immunity.
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Plasma cells are white blood cells which produce large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow; however, these cells leave the bone marrow as B cells Memory cells remember the intruder for next time so your immune system can work faster.
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Define cell mediated immunity and describe the process of activation and clonal selection of T cells.
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CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY- is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen
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) Define cell mediated immunity and describe the process of activation and clonal selection of T cells.
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The clonal selection theory has become a widely accepted model for how the immune system responds to infection and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for destruction of specific antigens invading the body.
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What are T cell functions in the body?
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T cells play a key role in the immune system because they determine how your body reacts to certain pathogens. They are sent out by the body to find and destroy anything that may be causing illness.
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