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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thing system
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Process where all Vikings in a society (all the communities) would come
together to solve a problem Women couldn’t speak at these gatherings but they were still strong in Viking society and their husbands would make sure their voices were heard. |
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Lovsigemann
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Viking “Law Reader Man”. Would remember what the laws were (oral
society). All men had to follow the lawtradition. |
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Trell
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Slave class of the Vikings. Beneath the law—it doesn’t matter if you kill them.
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Skjoldmo
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Shield girls (women helping in battle).
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Drakken
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Viking ship. Everybody on the ship was a warrior—no slaves. Named b/c
they were shaped like dragons. Did not have wide hulls like most ships would for stability. This meant they could travel up rivers. |
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Normans
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Vikings that settled in Normandy after traveling up the Seine River. The
Normans, led by Rolf “The Dangler” (who would chop off people’s heads and then tie them on his belt) were beseeched by Charles the Simple for help fighting off some other Vikings that came into France. He offers them land and his daughter. Rolf accepts and then goes through homage with Charles (who’s on horseback and very short) and flips Charles off his horse b/c he’s too tall to reach his foot. |
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Dublin
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The Vikings settled here too. “The Black Pool”. There were no redheaded Irish
before the Vikings came. |
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Iceland
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Vikings settled this land and took prisoners from the monasteries with them.
They don’t convert to Christianity but are the first Vikings to have written language (to write their history.) Eventually they find Greenland and trick people into paying them to take them there. |
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Carucca
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Plow that was developed in the north where they have clay based soil. Heavier than
the Aratrum. |
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Aratrum
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Mediterranean plow. Light weight. Good for southern, sandy soil.
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Horse collar
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Also developed during this time. Sat on shoulders of horse rather than the neck
(horses had more fragile necks than ox). |
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Watermill
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Used to crush grains. Less labor intensive. Worked faster.
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Windmill
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Also used to crush grains. Less labor intensive. Worked faster
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Three field rotation
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Farmers would rotate the fields on which they would grow different crops
throughout the year. This allowed the soil to build its nutrients back up. |
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Legumes
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Planted b/c underground pods would leach some nutrients back into the soil
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Primogeniture
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1st born gets the land. Other become the first-born’s knights.
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Relief
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Inheritance tax on land imposed by king. Noble/knight pays to get the same land his
father had. |
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Escheated
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Land is given back to the king if heir of land is too young or nonexistent.
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Serfs
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Un-free peasants.
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Peace of God
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To protect religious peoples (nuns, monks) and the poor. You are not allowed to
attack them. |
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Truce of God
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Cannot fight on holy days or Sundays.
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Chivalry
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To make knights honorable. Set of standards: don’t stab people in the back, don’t
attack women, eat a certain way, etc. |
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Veneration of Mary
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Virgin Mary got a high position in the church. This mean that men
now had to be on best behavior in front of women. Put women on a pedestal. Men would walk on traffic side of women, open doors for them, etc. |
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Heraldry
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To tell people apart in battle—use of colors, crests. Became more detailed as time
went on. |
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Melee
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Tournament of battles (for fun). Made people less likely to go to war. The joust was an
event in the Melee. |
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Manorial System
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A noble or knight would oversee a manor. This included the Manor house,
village, fields, mill, barn, and church. No one ever left except the noble. Sometimes women would transfer to another manor when married off. |
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Portus
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Places where merchants would settle their warehouses (usually along a trade route by a
road or a river.) A wall was built around the warehouses. People move here to protect the warehouses/partake in trade and houses are built within the wall. These cities became very crowded and had unsanitary living conditions. Medieval Towns. |
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Martyrs
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Some Christian individuals would travel the countryside and visit the polytheists and
try to convert them to Christianity. They were not welcome and when they were killed they became martyrs. When these people would die for their cause, it caused other people to pay attention and caused conversions among impressed peasants. |
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Eremitic
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Eremitic Monks were hermits. They would go off and live on their own (often in
remote locations) to live holy lives. People would hear about this and go settle around them. |
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Cenobitic
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Cenobitic Monks were the monks that would settle around each other. They became
repositories of wealth from guilty Christians donating money. Many nobles are sent there who are not heirs (brothers of those who hold power) because it still looks good. |
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St. Benedict
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St. Benedict of Nursia (480-543) was the head of the monastery at Monte
Cassino. Said to stop accepting $ from outside. Breaks up the day into hours where all monks are supposed to do stuff (manual labor and prayer mostly) to keep monks from being unholy. |
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Benedictine Order
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Benedictine Monasticism was an order where the monks could not
speak when they joined the monastery. |
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Monastic Reform
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Though St. Benedict was the first, people kept trying to reform monasteries
as they reverted to unholyness (accepting too much money, drinking, etc.). Good monks were supposed to be studious and prayerful. |
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Abbey of Cluny
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Set up by Duke William I in Southern France. Wanted to found a monastery
and then be very hands-off about it. The only person in charge of the monastery was the Pope. The abbots became extremely powerful. At their height, they were more popular than the Pope. |
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Franciscans
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(Order of Friars minor/ Greyfriars). The Franciscan monks were Friars, which
meant they were travelling monks. They weren’t able to accumulate much wealth that way and so stayed holy. They lived in poverty and begged for food. In exchange, they would share their religion based on the ideals of St. Francis of Assisi. |
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Dominicans
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(Order of Preachers/ Blackfriars). Also travelling monks/friars. Were an
intellectual class of friars. Formed by Honorious III (1216-1227). Eventually, they will help lead the crusades. |
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John XII
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(955-964) Became Pope at age 18. Was accused of murder, incest, and fornication.
Simony: The act of buying an office within the church |
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Gregory VII
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(1073-1085) Started the College of Cardinals who was a group of church
officials who didn’t have high positions in the church and were tasked with choosing the Pope. They will also advise the Pope. Pope Gregory VII also says they’ll be no more lay investiture (sparked by the Investiture Controversy.) |
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Investiture Controversy
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Controversy over the way in which church leaders came to
power (secular officials were starting to give these people their positions). |
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Henry IV
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of Germany (1056-1106) Protests against Pope Gregory VII saying that
secular leaders could not choose church leaders. Pope excommunicates him. Henry tries to tell the other Kings that Pope is wrong and too power-hungry. His nobles go to the Pope to apologize and say they’ll get a new King. Henry finds out about this and goes to the Pope, stands in the snow outside of the Pope’s gates at Canossa as a gesture of humility. Pope forgives him. Henry really just wanted to know who was against him. He goes back to Germany and sides against the Pope once more and puts the nobles in their place. |
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Concordant of Worms
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(1122) Compromise. Only Pope or high church official can
give church power. The secular leader/noble can deal with these officials on state matters. |
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Innocent III
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Pope Innocent III ( 1198-1216) builds up the infrastructure of the church. Would
withhold sacraments from entire communities to get their governments to follow his orders. S of the further defines transubstantiation saying that the eucharist physically turns into the body and blood of Christ once you consume it. |
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Augustine of Hippo
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Christian philosopher. Wrote on women in religion. Belittles women
(Eve) though they are included in religion. |
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Mystics
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Women with more personal relationships to God. Didn’t need all the priests in
between. Could have been precursor to Protestantism. Also the extremely poor did this (thos on the low end of the social spectrum.) |
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Saints
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Easier to understand/relate to than some all-powerful God. Examples include Mary,
Jesus, the Apostles, St. Patrick, etc. Saints became so by living a pious life, performing miracles, becoming martyrs, etc. 724 saints today. |
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Relics
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Items that were close to saints during their life. Used to pray with. Examples
include scraps of clothing, bone, etc. Not all relics were authentic but the point is they were believed to be by those who use them to pray. |
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Hugh Capet
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(987-996) Noble in the Frankish area. Gives lands to people in return for the title
of king. Though it doesn’t hold much power for him now, his successors will be able to use it. Becomes “King of France” but only really controls a small area (Ile de France). The church loves and underdog (easier to manipulate) so he begins to get his authority from the church. He was lucky in producing the right heir at the right time—peaceful transition of power. This begins the CAPETIAN DYNASTY. |
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Louis VI the Fat
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(1108-1136) After 200 yrs of the Capetian Dynasty being in place, Louis VII
is the first on to really take power. Goes to Priests throughout the French speaking lands and gains their friendshipbuilds his wealth off this. Not really able to gain power in England. |
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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Was an important English female heiress. Had lots of land. She marries
Louis VI’s son (Louis VII) and the French thus gains some land from the English. She divorces Louis after a while and marries Henry II of England instead. |
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Philip II Augustus
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(1180-1223) is able to win many wars against John (who was leading the
British) |
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Philip IV the Fair
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(1285-1314) Really strengthens France and makes it the most organized and
well run by the time he dies. |
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Alfred the Great
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(871-899) Is uniting England at the same time that Louis the Pious’ sons
are breaking up the rest of Europe. As the leader of Wessex, he uses their corner position to go and conquer the rest of England. Uses marriage to gain Kent. Not only unites England politically but also brings along Christianity and culture. Dies before he finishes conquering. |
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Wessex
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One of the 7 major kingdoms in England. Wessex, along with Essex and
Sussex were named for the anglo-saxons that came there from Norway. |
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Aethelstan
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(924-939) Grandson of Alfred the Great. Really begins to tie England together.
Builds up a beauracracy. Begins a chancery (writing office for the monarchy). Also invents sheriffs. He is able to engrain these ideas into the legal/political landscape which makes the system able to run even through lapses and invasions. |
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Writs
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Will of the Prince (written in the chancery). The chancery sends out one copy
and keeps another for records. Helps curtail the power of nobles. |
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Sheriff
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Judges who control the shires (counties). Appointed by the King, work to
enforce laws and pass judgement in court cases. This was a way for people to bypass the judgement of nobles if they are the ones who have wronged you. |
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Aethelred Unraed
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(978-1013, 1014-1016) Great guy. Totally unprepared. Makes a lot of
mistakes. System still runs (taxes come in, sheriffs go around) but he is eventually defeated by Canute (King of Denmark). |
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Edward the Confessor
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(1042-1066) Is re-invited to England to become King after Canute’s son
dies. Son of Aethelred. Didn’t do much. Had 2 successors and one other claimant to the throne when he died. |
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Canute
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(King of Denmark) Canute is destructive at first but then realizes the system and settles
into it. |
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William the Bastard of Normandy
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Edward’s closest relative. Choses him as his heir
when he is living in exile in Normandy (and never expects to become king). |
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Harold Godwinson
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Important noble who Edward named his heir in his older years. He
had forgotten, however, that he had already promised to support William the Bastard as King. |
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Harold Hardrada
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Relative of Canute. Believes he should be king after Edward.
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Stamford Bridge
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Godwinson and Hadrada fight at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Godwinson
wins and has to get to the South soon after with his armada to keep William from becoming king. |
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Battle of Hastings
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(Norman Invasion) (1066) Godwinson and William fight. Godwinson gets
an arrow through the eye and dies. They fight on but William wins the throne. Now known as WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR of England. He builds the Tower of London. Has the title of King of England and Duke of Normandy. Had to consolidate his kingdom. |
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Domesday Book
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William sends his own sheriffs out to produce this document. Most
complete sensus done at anytime until the modern U.S. census. Allowed for more accurate taxes to be taken. |
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William the II
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“Rufus”—redhead. Second son. Becomes King of England.
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Robert of Normandy
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“Curthose”—short. Eldest son, named Duke of Normandy.
William the Conqueror thought this was a better honor and gave it to his eldest son since that is their hearland. Robert and William battle over each other’s positions. Robert goes off on crusade and mortgages his lands to William for the time he’s gone. During this time, William is shot and dies while hunting. |
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Henry I
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“Beauclerk” (smart) is in London at the time. He was the third brother who had gotten
cash considerations and land. Names himself king when William dies. Henry puts Robert under house arrest when he comes back. Robert is treated well and is cool with it. Henry I is now King of England and Duke of Normandy. Puts closer watch on people/taxes/etc. More sheriffs, more often. Power of monarchy was growing while power of nobles was shrinking. |
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Exchequer
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Semi-professional accountants who kept track of tax $. Named for the
checkered table they worked at. |
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John I
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“Softsword” . Keeps losing battles (against the French). His nobles rise against him
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Magna Carta
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At the battle of Runnymeade in 1215, John’s noble rise against him. John
loses and the nobles force John to sign the Magna Carta which gave more power back to the nobility. |
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Parliament
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Group of nobles advising the King. King is allowed to dissolve
Parliament at any time. Overtime more Kings are using it and more people are brought in. House of Commons, House of Lords. |
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Seljuk Turks
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(Muslim) are expanding and conquering other groups including the Byzantine at
the Battle of Manzikert where they got Turkey. They continue to expand as the Byzantine empire is shrinking and expand just past Constantinople. |
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Alexius I Comnenus
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(1081-1108) Astute leader. Works on consolidating and defending his
leadership. Sends letter to Pope Urban II asking for help with all the groups attacking him. Says he’ll listen to Pope rather than Eastern patriarch. Asked for a group of knights with no leader who would be loyal to him. Pope ends up sending huge army of mythical proportions (crusades). |
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Council of Clermont
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(1095) Church council. Pope Urban II asks for as many people to
show up on last day as possible. More people show up than can fit in cathedral. Calls for everyone to help Christians in East and also to take back the Muslim lands which had been the home of Jesus. A noble rides up on horseback and says he’ll do the Pope’s bidding. Peer pressure for other nobles. |
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Just War
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The Pope must justify violence in the name of the church. The crusaders call
themselves pilgrims (Cruxatore) and acted as though they were just going on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem—heavily armed. Papacy says that if you go on the crusade and die, all your sins would be forgiven. At this time, Christians were already allowed to go on pilgrimage. They just had to pay a small tax to the local Muslims. |
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Popular Crusade
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First part of the first crusade
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Aristocratic Crusade
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Aristocratic Crusade
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Nicaea
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(capital of the Seljuk Turks).
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Kilij Arslan
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(1092-1107) Leader of Seljuk Turks
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Edessa
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Christian city in SE Turkey. King doesn’t have an heir. Sends out message to
crusaders to ask if he could adopt one of them. Baldwin of Bolone comes and goes through w/ the adoption ceremony (being birthed out of a burlap sack where naked parents are). Kills King and Queen because he is impatient and becomes the ruler. Becomes first of the Eastern lands ruled by the crusaders. |
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Antioch
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Crusaders arrive here 1097. Siege the city until 1098. Meanwhile, the
crusaders are poisoning their own drinking water with their waste and begin to starve. Crusaders begin to desert but the Muslims come and begin to besiege Christians. Some (crusader) guy has a dream that under the altar at Antioch there is a lance that had pierced Jesus’ side on the cross. They find it and come out of the city. Go to battle with the Arabs (led by Kerbogha of Mosul) Kerbogha’s forces are torn apart. The crusaders won’t give land to Alexius. Causes a rift between the Byzantine Empire and crusader to the point of the Byzantines and Turks forming an alliance. |
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Jerusalem
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Crusaders arrive here June 1099. Attack the city w/ no plan. Are repelled.
Prepare for a siege but have to make it God-friendly. Get rid of everybody in their group but the warriors (prostitutes, etc). Put on hair cloth. Walk around the city chanting and praying. Attack again and break through the walls on June 15. It is a slaughter. Afterwards, most crusaders leave to go home. Some leaders of crusades stay to take charge of these cities. |
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Godfrey of Bouillon
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becomes “Protector of Jerusalem” and overall leader of
crusader-won cities (Crusader states.) |
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Templars
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(Knights of the Temple of Solomon) Fighting monks. Take order to be pious and
protect their fellow men in any way possible. They, along with the Hospitallers, fought in the East for the crusaders. |
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Taifa
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“Party”. Little Muslim kingdoms in Spain that were defeated by the Christians in
Northern Spain in the spirit of the crusades. |
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Reconquista
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The “reconquering” of Spain by the Christians.
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Saladin
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“Salah Al-Din” gains control of Egypt in Nuredin’s name. Gets rid of the Fatimid
dynasty that was there. Forms a new dynasty in his name: Ayyubid Dynasty. This pisses off Nuredin and he begins to march South to conquer Salah Al-Din but dies of natural causes on the way. Salah Al’Din becomes the leader of Nuredin’s old troops b/c Nuredin’s heir was only 11. Saladin marries Nuredin’s widow to show legitimacy. Is nice to the little boy heir and gives him control over his own city. Had ended the only powerful Shia group left. |
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Assassins
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(Shia Muslim group) Goal was to destroy as many Sunni leaders as was possible.
They believed that if they were killed for doing this, they had a quick path to heaven. One sect of the assassins were the Sufis who got closer to God by toking up (hashish). The assassins come after Saladin. He nearly escapes the first time and takes to wearing armor to bed. This saves him another time. Saladin goes to meet with the head of the assassins (“The Old Man of the Mountain/Sinan”). Convinces him to work together to fight against the Christians. |
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Battle of Hattin
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The Muslims see the crusader in full force and turn around, lead them into the
desert, fouling every watering hole as they go. In 1187 at Hattin, the Muslims have finally led the Christian army to water they can use. Christians go to water and the Muslims surround them, they win. |
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Siege of Acre
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by Richard and Phillip II of France. Phillip goes back, Richard stays and keeps
fighting battles with Saladin. Evenly matched. They eventually settle on the Treaty of Ramla (1192) in which Richard agrees not to attack Saladin anymore and Saladin agrees not to attack Richard on his way out. Peace agreement b/w Muslims and Christians for 3 years. Christians are allowed to go to Jerusalem once again if they pay the tax. |
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Doge Enrique Dandalo
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leader of Venice at the time of the 4th crusade.
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Albigensians
(Cathars) |
View themselves as perfect Christians but the church does not. The
Albigensians only believed in the sacrament of Consolamentum. The church sent Dominicans into these lands and burned their bibles/killed them off. The group was comprised of the Perfecti and Credentes |
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Consolamentum
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(forgiveness—many just did
whatever they felt like during their life and then got this right before they died) |
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Perfecti
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about 5% of the Albigensians. Put everything into categories of good and bad
to ridiculous extents. (don’t eat a lot because matter is bad, water is good, sex is bad so stay abstinent) |
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Credentes
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the other 95%
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Bubonic Plague
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“Black Death” comes to Europe (began in Central Europe) vis-à-vis one type of
flea that is found on one type of rat. You get the disease and puss builds up so your blood can’t circulate and your body turns black and you die. Still around today. Must have physical contact to contract. |
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Pneumonic Plague
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Also the black death. Communicable by air (breath). By the end of the
plague, 1/3 of the population had died. |
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Flagellants
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Many people had different reasons as to why they thought the plague was there.
Flagellants believed that cities were the center of evil. Felt the need to expel sin by going into the cities and taking sin upon themselves. They would then whip themselves violently. Some people thought they were so holy that they would smear their blood on their faces. This spread more disease. |
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100 Years War
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(1337-1453) Between two royal houses for the French throne [Valois (French)
vs. Plantagenet(from England—wanted to be kings of France and England.)]. French soldiers fought on both sides. Philip VI of the Fortunate seizes Gascony (controlled by England). Edward III wants it back and decides he is rightfully king of France as well as England. Introduces paid soldiers (Routiers). These soldiers fought only for money. |
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Battle of Crécy
(1346) |
English had upper ground. French are on horseback. English
put their bowmen uf front and the French attack thinking they’re better off. English end up slaughtering them. |
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Battle of Agincourt
(1415) |
Much like the battle of Crecy but in the mud. French are too
cocky, English are victorious, etc. The Burgurndians now join up with the English, causing more troubles for the French. |
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John II
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The Good (of France) is captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers. He
exchanges himself for his son and dies in captivity. |
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Charles VII
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“The Dauphin” (of France). Became king because both of his older brothers
died before their father. Is victorious. Doesn’t have much backbone as king. Fights against (English) Henry V who dies of an illness, leaving an 8 month old heir. John of Bedford continues to fight against Charles in the name of the English. |
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Joan of Arc
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French woman leader, 14 years old. Becomes religious entity in which
people begin to believe. Convinces Charles VII to be crowned properly in Reims (deep in English lands). She is captured and killed (martyred) by the English. |
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Treaty of Arrars
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Treaty between the English (who don’t even like John and would
rather follow Charles) and France. Solidifies the France as we know it today. The French stop fighting among themselves. The English will continue to invade occasionally. |
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Bernard Saisset
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French Bishop. Tried and found guilty for getting drunk and trash talking the
king (treason). Kicked out of the kingdom and sent to Rome w/ the Pope. |
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Clement V
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New Pope who’s mother tounge was French. Lived in Bordeaux—transitions to
Papacy in Avignon. Was actually a French speaking Englishman. People thought he was Philip IV’s puppet (and this is true). Clemen was forced to keep the papacy in Avignon by the army. |
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Avignon Papacy
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Clemen V held his Pope-dom in France. He was forced to do this by the
French army and Philip IV. |
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Urban VII
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A mob forces them to pick Urban VII as the Italian Pope. Shortly after, Clement VII
is chosen as pope. The two fight amongst themselves. |
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Clement VII
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Chosen as the Avignon Pope at the same time there is an Italian Pope. Fights with
Urban VII (Italian Pope.) |
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Great Schism
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France and it’s allies support the Avignon Papacy (French Pope) while England
recognizes the Pope in Rome. After this a THIRD Pope is elected in Spain. |
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Martin V
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Becomes Pope after there is none by saying he will do what the Conciliarists
(counsil) says. He then immediately undermines their authority. To this day people now doubt the Church and the Pope. The Pope is supposed to be infallible but now people questioned his control over intellectualism (education). |
