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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality Disorders
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Destructive traits and characteristics that the person doesn’t experience as unusual or problematic. Instead, the person often sees the source of the problems as being in others. Clients are unable to be self-observing or understand how their behavior causes problems for them. Axis II disorders. The presence of hallucinations is not relevant.
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Functional Model
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Argues that the agency provides a model for society.
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Throughput
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Includes information on what both the worker and client contribute to the interaction.
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Complementarity
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A concept in structural family theory. The needs and roles of one member of the family are different from, but fit together with those of another.
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Problem Solving Model
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Helps individuals increase their coping skills. The approach is reality-oriented and immediate.
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Transference
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A client develops beliefs about the therapist based on their experience with a significant authority figure in the client’s past. Often encouraged in insight-based therapies.
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Ecological Systems Approach
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Takes into account the social environment.
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Haley’s Strategic Family Therapy
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Emphasizes an active clinician role. Focuses on the role symptoms play in family power relationships.
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Conversion Disorder
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Characterized by the presence of symptoms that involve voluntary motor or sensory functions, they often mimic neurological or other medical problems. Symptoms are often brought on by stressors.
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Multiple Family Therapy
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Group therapy with several families.
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Craving the limelight and seeking excessive attention.
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Assertive Casework
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Short timeframe. The caseworker asks probing questions and provides direct interventions.
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Sigmund Freud
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Transference.
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Objective Anxiety
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A response to external situations.
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Supportive Therapy
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Encourages the client to use their strengths. Aimed at supporting clients’ ego strengths. Prevents further decompensation.
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Self Awareness
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Found by promoting anxiety and explores aspects of the self.
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Rogers’ Client-Centered Psychotherapy
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Developing an atmosphere that helps clients toward self actualization using the principle of self-determination. Includes positive regard/nonpossessive warmth (nonjudgmental acceptance of clients as they are).
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Life-Span Developmental Theory
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Not stage-based. Asserts that change/growth occur across the life span, can be unpredictable and driven by various influences and conflicts can be worked and reworked.
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Schizophrenia Treatment
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Ego supportive work and psychopharmacology. Best done in a group to improve social skills. According to ego psychology, schizophrenics are struggling with anxiety around fears of annihilation. Tend to function bused in a structured and predictable environment.
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Mahler’s Theory of Stages of Separation/Individuation
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The level of appropriate separation experienced from mother as an infant. Stages include autism, symbiosis, differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, on the way to object constancy. Autism stage=Infant is focused on the self and incapable of investing in others. Symbiotic stage=1-5 mos, infant understands mother’s existence as a separate being.
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Structural Family Theory
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Interventions are made according to the structure/boundary between subsystems in the nuclear and extended family.
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Anamnesis
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Remembering one’s history.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Poor self-esteem, control/power issues, mood shifts, somaticizing, and projections. Closely associated with the defense mechanism of splitting. According to Kernberg, dissociation and splitting are the most common defense mechanisms.
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Splitting
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Dealing with negative emotions by compartmentalizing opposite feelings and attaching them to separate people. The self or others are experienced as all good or all bad.
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Projection
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One’s own unacceptable wishes/feelings are attributed to someone else. Common in individuals with paranoia.
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Reaction Formation
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An unacceptable feeling is unconsciously changed to an opposite feeling.
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Displacement
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Transferring a feeling about one person onto an emotionally safer person or object.
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Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
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Behavior is often learned by observing or imitating others (modeling). Individuals are enabled to alter behavior by emulating the behavior of others who serve as models.
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Exaggerated sense of one’s own importance which contributes to relationship difficulties and a lack of empathy. Includes fantasies of unlimited success, feelings of shame in response to criticism, interpersonal explosiveness, and idealization and devaluation of relationships. Work should include recognizing the impact of behavior on others and recognizing that other’s feelings are as important as one’s own.
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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A mood disorder with symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Ego-Dystonic/Ego-Alien
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Behavior that is disliked by/shunned by the client.
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SSRI (antidepressants) side effect
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Loss of libido/sexual dysfunction.
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Diagnostic Statement
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Summary of the most salient facts and dynamics of the client’s behavior, appearances, situation, and conflicts.
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Sustainment
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Maintaining and strengthening the level of affect present.
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Reactive Attachment Disorder
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Children do not display attachment behavior or attachments are indiscriminate.
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Synthroid/Thyroxin
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Thyroid replacement medications
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Acrophobia
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Fear of heights
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Flooding
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Confronting anxiety-inducing objects at full intensity for prolonged periods of time with the support of the therapist. Used by behavioral therapists to treat anxiety/phobias.
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Thorazine
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Medication used for psychotic disorders
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Lithium/depakote
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Mood stabilizers used for bipolar disorder.
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Sublimation
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Defense mechanism redirecting the energies of instinctual drives to generally socially and personally positive aims that are more acceptable to the ego and superego.
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Behavior Modification Therapy
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Treatment approach in which the client’s dysfunctional behavior is corrected through the use of learning theory.
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Heinz Hartmann
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The father of ego psychology. Contributed the significance of object relations to psychoanalytic theory. Suggested that the id and ego were both present at birth in an “undifferentiated matrix”. Explained the ego apparatuses of primary autonomy which are the abilities present at birth in the “conflict-free sphere” and not dependent on developmental achievements. Include perception, motility, and memory. Explained the adaptive capacities of the ego (the notion of adaptability which involves a reciprocal relationship between the organism and its environment.
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Prozac
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Psychotropic medication used to treat depression.
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Prolixin
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Antipsychotic medication.
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Agoraphobia
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Fear of open spaces.
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Enuresis
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Bedwetting after a child reaches the age of five.
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Tourette’s Disorder
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Multiple motor and one or more vocal tics for more than a year. There cannot be more than a three month period when the person is free of tics under this diagnosis.
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Transient Tic Disorder
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Tics not extending for more than twelve months.
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Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
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Links the physiological development of the child with the corresponding social and cultural expectations. Views the ego as central in developing master of psychosocial tasks. Biopsychosocial. Initiative vs. guilt stage (3-6 yrs), motivated by curiosity and aggression. Exploring the world by taking initiative, which may result in guilt. Pleasure of attack and conquest. Industry vs. inferiority (6-11 yrs), child develops mastery over physical objects, self, social transactions, ideas and concepts. this development occurs within the context of school and peer groups.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Results in almond-shaped eyes and a small head.
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Kohut Self-Psychology Theory
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Highlights empathy.
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Cocaine
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A stimulant with one or more of the following side-effects: euphoria with enhanced vigor, gregariousness, hyperactivity, restlessness, hypervigilance, talkativeness, tension, hallucinations, confusion, body chills, dilated pupils, and nausea. The most addictive substance.
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Jean Piaget
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Cognitive development. Sensory motor stage (birth-2 yrs), includes experiencing the world through senses. Pre-operational stage (2-7 yrs). Latency (6-12 yrs), child’s increased ability to operate according to the demands of reality. Demonstrates a harsh superego and is black and white in her thinking. Move from a pleasure-oriented, self-centered state to increased ego development. Ego defenses become consolidates. Characterized by the sublimation of the oedipal stage. Early latency stage (6-7 yrs), characterized by pre-operational thinking. the child has developed some ability for symbolic thinking but still lacks the capacity to think conceptually.
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Schizophrenia, residual type
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Characterized by the absence of hallucinations or delusions.
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Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder
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Characterized by a passive resistance to fulfilling routine social and occupational tasks.
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Schizoid Personality
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Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression.
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Factitious Disorder
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Intentional production of physical or psychological signs or symptoms.
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Topographical Theory
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Detailed description and analysis of the features of a relatively small area.
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Free Association
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The individual needs to have a completely consolidated superego and ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy. Achievements are not reached before adolescence.
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Operant Techniques
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Stresses the importance of reinforcement.
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Blackouts
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The most significant and pervasive indicator of alcoholism.
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Alfred Adler
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Individual psychology. All psychopathology involved an inferiority complex but psychopathology was the product of a misguided lifestyle rather than fixations and regressions.
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Superego
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Outgrowth of the oedipal stage.
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Transactional Analysis
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Concerns itself with the exchanges between people or within a person as they enact different roles. Separates ego states into child, adult, and parent function. Associated with scripts in group practice (life-long patterns people follow in their lives).
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Double-Bind Communication
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An individual communicates two very different messages. Usually one verbal and one nonverbal.
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Recovery From Acute Psychotic Episode
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More likely when symptoms have a sudden rather than gradual onset.
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Catharsis
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A form of ventilation used to bring repressed material into consciousness. An effective discharge with symptomatic relief but not necessarily a cure of the psychopathology.
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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Pervasive and inappropriate interpreting of the actions of others as demeaning or threatening.
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Methamphetamine
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Central nervous stimulant
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Barbituates
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Induce a hypnotic or sedative effect. Not use din treating depression.
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Hypochondriasis
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Preoccupation with fears of having an illness or serious disease.
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Tricyclics
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Antidepressants such as Tofanil and Elavil
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Haldol
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A phenothiaine, antipsychotic medication, a side effect of which is Tardive’s dyskinesia.
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MAO Inhibitors
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Antidepressants which require strict dietary guidelines to avoid side effects. Parnate and Nardil are MAO inhibitors.
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Anaclitic Depression (Spitz)
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Severe and prolonged depression in infants who have lost an adult on whom they depend and did not find a suitable substitute for.
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Axis V
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Global assessment of functioning in the DSM
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Malingering
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Individual feigns symptoms to secure external incentives.
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Early Psychoanalytic Group Techniques
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Alternate meetings, “going around”.
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Gestalt Therapy Techniques
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The “empty chair”, use of “I” language.
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Cognitive Group Techniques
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Confronting irrational beliefs
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Substance Abuse Treatment Groups
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Composed of similarly addicted individuals.
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Reality Therapy
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Reality, responsibility and rightness are the core principles.
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Yalom’s Interpersonal Process Groups model
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Key factors in a successful group experience are hope, universality, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, catharsis, imparting information, altruism, imitative behavior, interpersonal learning, and group cohesiveness. Process groups are used with outpatient groups. Yalom advanced the interactional agenda group (using an agenda go-around approach as a method of working with higher functioning inpatient groups).
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Treatment Groups
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members are expected to raise questions and issues they want to address.
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Therapy Groups
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Provide rehabilitation, remedial or corrective experiences that help members cope with or ameliorate personal and/or social problems.
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Growth Groups
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Focus on self-actualization and relationship enhancement.
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Network/Status Hierarchy
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Characterized as only one kind or type of social system.
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Collection/Collectivity
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Refers to demographic categories but says nothing about relationships or patterns.
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Symbolic Interactionism
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The small group theory that stresses the importance of interactional processes and maintains that individuals in groups behave according to how they interpret situations.
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Reciprocal Group Model
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Emphasizes democratic decision-making and interdependence in completing tasks. Goals are derived through group interaction in a contracting process.
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Remedial Group Model
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Emphasizes interactions among members. Focus is some form of treatment.
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Field Theory
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Framework for studying small group dynamics that has resulted in a lot of research on competition and cooperation, uniformity, and activity in small groups. Can be traced to Kurt Lewin, the “father of group dynamics”.
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Tavistock
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Identified with treatment groups, or group relations training or study groups that encourage experimentation.
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General Systems Theory
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A general way of studying systems, applying common terms and concepts applicable to different disciplines.
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Cognitive Consistency Theory
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Emphasizes cognitive processes group members use in seeking consistency in focus and direction. Workers help clients think through working agreements/contracts, build group consciousness, share data and pinpoint or eliminate obstacles.
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Managed Care Groups
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Do not allow for flexible contracting. usually involve homogeneous groups with clearly identified symptoms and specific interventions shown to offer measurable results.
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Scapegoat
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Generally are unable to deal with aggression.
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Reminiscent Groups
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Help members reflect early events and experiences that were important in their lives, that can induce personal feelings of satisfaction, increase morale, and improve self-esteem.
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Cohesion
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Works against inclusiveness and motivates members to close ranks. Creates a sense of shared purpose and identification with other group members.
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Psychoeducational Groups
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Focus on gaining information and developing coping skills and techniques to deal with a variety of psychosocial problems.
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Head Injury Trauma Groups
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Most effective when composed of patients who are at similar stages in the recovery process.
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Male Bonding
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Potential threat to group treatment in DV groups.
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Offender Groups
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Confrontative and deal with denial directly.
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Behavioral Group Treatment
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Rely less on the relationship with the worker. More concerned with observable phenomena and changes in behaviors that are part of the contract between the worker and clients.
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Five Stage Linear Model of Group Development (Tuckman)
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Stages are form, storm, norm, perform, and adjourn.
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Relational Linear Stage Model
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More applicatble to women’s groups
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Social Goals Groups
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Concerned with member’s relationships with each other and others in the community and any social tasks the group undertakes. The oldest form of group practice.
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Initial Group Formation Stages of Development
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Contracting, group composition, and establishing initial group structures and formats.
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Second Stage of Group Development
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Conflict Stage according to the “Boston” model. “Storming” in Tuckman’s model. Characterized by power and control, or conflict.
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Machismo
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Identifies masculinity with family commitment and responsibility for material support.
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African-American clients with similar symptoms
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Diagnosed with more severe mental illnesses than whites. African-Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia when exhibiting symptoms similar to those of white people.
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Etic and Emic
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Two concepts that address the culturally universal and the culturally specific.
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Anthropological Models
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In-depth study of culture through participation in the culture.
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Social Constructionism
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Explores ideology and the way in which the culture defines behavior
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1790 Naturalization law
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Whites only could be naturalized as citizens.
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Immigrant Act of 1924
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Barred entry of aliens ineligible to citizenship to the US (non-whites).
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Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
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Cut Filipino immigration to a quota of 50. All Filipinos reclassified as ‘aliens’.
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Alien Land Laws (1913, 1920, and 1923)
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Prohibited Asian immigrants from owning land and other forms of property.
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1917 Immigration Act
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Denied entry to people from a barred zone (South Asia through SE Asia and islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans).
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The Magnuson Act of 1943
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lifted the barriers to citizenship for most immigrants off Asian origin. 3 parts: repealed the Exclusion Act of 1882; established a quota for Chinese immigration; made Chinese eligible for citizenship.
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Cuban Immigration
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The first wave was largely characterized by middle class and those of European extraction.
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Puerto Rico
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A commonwealth of the US. All its residents are citizens of the US.
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Immigration of SE Asians
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After 1970, characterized by a group that experienced violence, genocide, and deprivation. Individuals fleeing Cambodia and Vietnam after the war.
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Cambodians
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Experienced a higher prevalence of PTSD because of their experiences during the regime of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge. Millions of Cambbodians died during this period.
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Alternative Medicine
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Used by 1/3 off all Americans
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Culture-Bound Syndromes
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Ethic/national/locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and distress found in the appendices of the DSM.
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Amok
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Expression of mental illness among SE Asians. People may attack and murder others indiscriminately. Individuals may not remember the episode and may commit suicide.
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Negative Counter-Transference Response in the Same Ethnic Group
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A tendency for over-identification and blaming the client for their difficulties.
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Cycle of Oppression
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Breaking the cycle involves active reflection, confrontation and transcendence and by developing an understanding of how one’s self image and attitude contribute to the maintenance of oppression.
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Reparative Conversion Therapy
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Based on the assumption that sexual orientation can be altered through therapy.
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Ataque
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Culturally determined (Latino) response. Alternating between extreme anxiety and rapid incoherent babbling with violent outbursts.
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Simplified Sample
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Not a probability sample.
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.01 Level Significance
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There is one chance in 100 that the result occurred by chance.
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Construct Validity
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The relationship between a concept and the certainty that the researcher is measuring what they want to measure. The relationship between an abstract concept and an empirical measure.
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Reliability
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Consistency of a measurement instrument in providing consistent results. Measured by split-half correlation, parallel forms, and test-retest.
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Cross-Sectional Study
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Examines two or more groups at one point in time.
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Panel Study
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Observes changes among the same subjects over time.
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Longitudinal Study
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Does not guarantee studying the same subjects
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Hawthorne Effect
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People improve performance when they know they are being observed.
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Nominal Measurements
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Values that are mutually exclusive and cannot be ranked (gender).
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Ordinal Measurements
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Values that can be ranked but do not have equal intervals.
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Interval Measurements
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Values have equal distances between each integer.
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Ratio Measurements
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Similar tto interval measurements but have the possibility of zero as a value.
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Mode
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The most frequent case in a group.
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Median
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The midpoint value in a group. The measurement that provides the least information.
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General Theory
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Social work does not contribute greatly to this but, as an applied discipline, it borrows theory from other disciplines.
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Probability sampling
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An equal chance of every element in the population being selected. Includes some estimate of how closely the sample results will approximate the total population under study.
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Validity
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Measuring the concept the researcher intended to measure.
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Standard Deviation
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Formula that refers to how closely the values are clustered around the mean. One standard deviation includes 68% of subjects. Two include 95% of subjects.
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Random Sample
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Allows every subject in the population the same chance of being chosen.
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Quota Sample
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Limits the number of people with a specific characteristic. Divides the population into preselected groups and limits the sample to a predetermined proportion of these groups based on the portions found in the population.
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Purposive Sample
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Includes only those people with a specific characteristic.
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Stratified Random Sample
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The population is first stratified into predetermined categories and from each category subjects are chosen so that each person has an equal chance of becoming part of the sample.
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Grounded Research
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Attributed to Corbin and Strauss. Sometimes attributed to Glazer and Strauss. Creates new theories based on research with small samples.
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Focus Groups
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Work best for finding diverse opinions on a single subject.
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Single Subject Design
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Best used when there is an individual/group that can be studied for change over time.
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.05 Probability
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Must be achieved for the null hypothesis to be disproved.
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Type I Error
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Null hypothesis is erroneously rejected.
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Type II Error
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Null hypothesis is erroneously accepted.
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Values
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The broad set of beliefs that underlie ethical behavior.
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Ethics
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Standards that constitute rules for professional behavior.
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Administrators
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Many are poor interpreters of data and have little experience in using information to assess agency performance.
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Expert Power
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Power derived from knowledge.
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Positional/Legitimate Power
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Power derived from an individual’s place within the hierarchy of the agency.
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Referent Power
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Power based on a relationship with another person.
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Group Think
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Suggests unanimity and lack of critical thought. The result of overvaluing relationships and diminishing the work functions of the group.
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Board Functions
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Include the creation of broad policy directions, planning, fund-raising, and future directions. Do not include the day-to-day functioning of an agency. legally responsible for agency operations. Usually has final authority over the budget.
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Systems Theory
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Include input, output, and throughput.
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Coding
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An aspect of communications theory.
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Experimental Learning
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An ability to learn empirically from demonstration-effect-observation. This type of learner may benefit most from experience/testing.
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Normative framework
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An agency’s values.
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Bureaucratic Structure
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Rations and segments responsibilities to provide guidance and direction to large numbers of employees who can serve a large number of clients.
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Functional Authority
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Authority linked to a specific activity.
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Laissez-Faire Leadership
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Produce non-compliance, confusion, and diffused, unfocused activity.
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Advisory Committee
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Any committee not empowered to make a decision.
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Committees Latent Functions
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Provide opportunities to exercise informal power and receive rewards.
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Instrumental Leadership Role
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Keeping the group focused and targeted.
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Expressive Leadership Role
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Emotional defense of tradition.
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Case Consultation
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A problem-solving contractual relationship between a knowledgeable expert and a less knowledgeable person.
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Supervisory Method of the Most Value
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Systematic case instruction.
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Group Supervision
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Desirable when employed with individual supervision. May allow less active members to remain inactive while more active members dominate the group.
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Amitai Etzioni
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Believes social work is a semi-profession because professionals are trained only for a short period of time.
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Formal Leader
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The person appointed to a leadership position.
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Divided Board Support
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Provides the greatest protection for an executive.
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Standing Committees Involved in Long-Term Strategic Planning
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Involved in analysis and careful exploration of a variety of alternatives.
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Ad Hoc committees
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Informal. Usually formed to address a specific problem and then terminated.
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Line Item Budgets
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Allocate funds for specific categories and allowing only limited transfers between items, thus limiting the flexibility of managers.
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Parameters of Authority
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Should always be precise, practical, and clearly understood.
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Span of Control
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Optimally, a supervisor should oversee 5-9 persons.
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Saul Alinsky
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Argued that community issues must be distilled and rendered into easily understood and simple symbols to make the confrontation understandable.
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Locality Development
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Raising consciousness about the possibility of change, then developing the community institutions required to initiate and regulate change. Strengthening the ability of people to work on common interests. Social worker performs a data analyzer and enabler role. Social worker assesses and provides information to facilitate a better understanding of community issues. Includes formation of self help groups and integrative and community building activities.
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Social Planning
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the use of rational problem solving and technical methods to develop new programs/social welfare institutions. Developing plans with community agencies and community members. Involves fact gathering, development of problem solving alternatives, and analyzing.
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Beginning Stages in developing a social movement
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Involves primary group, face-to-face relationships, and general goals. Developing personal trusting relationships. Elections often take place too early in the development of a community group, before having the substance necessary to move forward.
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Maximum Feasible Participation
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1960’s federal policy of involving neighborhood residents in community organization and determination of program policy. Federal government bypassed municipal and state governments to deliver services to the poor.
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Self-Help Programs
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Designed to provide services to people with similar concerns and problems. Examples: credit unions, peer tutoring programs, and locally sponsored nonprofit housing corporations. Rarely influence the larger system as providing services monopolizes their resources.
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Social Action Model
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Includes confrontation, conflict, and negotiation, strikes, protests, and demonstrations. Generally involves some form of conflict.
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Broker
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Acting to attract client referrals and insure they are completed. Bringing groups together and helping to interpret their needs.
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AIDS Action
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Defends the interest of AIDS/HIV patients, agitates for services and research, and provides case services. Advocacy and brokerage (for services) organization.
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Enabling
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Helping groups identify objectives and assisting with the process of attaining them. Encouraging and facilitating the development of structures and institutions. common in locality development.
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Advocate-Planner Role
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Defending, and increasing participation.
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Community Action Program of the Office of Economic Opportunity
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The first systematic effort by the federal government to stimulate full participation of community residents in planning and operating programs. Managed the programs of poverty in the 1960s.
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Model Cities Program
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Less aggressive poverty programs, seeking “citizen participation”.
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Cooptation
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Occurs when opponents are brought into the decision-making process, or given a small component of what they want.
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Social Security Act of 1935
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Provided federally funded public assistance programs for serving the needy. These replaced voluntary and state programs.
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Civic Associations
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Focused on general community betterment. They have broader roles than social welfare associations.
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Negotiator Role
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Likely in conflict models of community practice.
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Community Development
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Emphasizes integrative strategies that bring elements of the community together. Involves service creation.
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Moynihan Report
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Argued that black families suffered from instability, a propensity to produce illegitimate children, and a matriarchal structure which is harmful, particularly to boys.
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Epistemological Studies
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Investigate the origins and limits of human knowledge.
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Categorical Grants
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Have a specific purpose, replaced by block grants during the 1980’s.
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Block Grants
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Dedicated to more general purposes. Allocate federal funds to states for broadly defined purposes. These grants shift allocation responsibility to state agencies.
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“Regulating the Poor” by Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven
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Welfare benefits tend to become more generous when there is a growing threat of social disruption/threat to political order.
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Medicare
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Part A does not provide full coverage for hospital/nursing home/prescription costs. Many services require deductibles/co-payments/limits on care duration. Part B is an optional add-on program which can be selected for an additional cost and provides some coverage for prescription costs.
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Inputs
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Interventions designed to create change for the beneficiary such as public assistance and Medicaid (according to systems theory).
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Settlement House Movement
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Brought middle class college grads into poor urban areas and sought to document living conditions/exploitation. Successful in initiating numerous social reforms. Occurred during the 19th century. Credited with stimulating and nurturing the organization of the poor to be politically active in their own behalf.
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Means-Tested Program
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has an income eligibility requirement.
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Medieval Church Canons
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The church argued that there was a communal obligation to provide assistance.
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Federal legal Services Corporation
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Provided legal services for the poor in civil cases. Replaced the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1975.
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Medicaid
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The most costly single component of public assistance.
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Supplementary security income program (SSI)
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Made into law in 1974 and is means-tested.
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Julia Lathrop and Grace Abbot
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Championed the idea of treating children’s court cases differently than adult cases.
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Workers Compensation
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An insurance program paid out of insurance premiums paid by employers. Reimburses covered workers for medical care and rehabilitation.
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Focus of Social Work
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On social reform from 1890’s-WWI, on developing individual treatments and expanding training after 1920.
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In-Kind Assistance
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Granting services/specific goods rather than cash.
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Social Investment Programs
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Designed to prevent problems from developing, or to promote desirable behavior.
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Gault Decision
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Juveniles have the same rights to cross-examine witnesses as adults in criminal proceedings.
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Residual Perspective
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Defines social welfare as temporary benefits that exist for people who cannot benefit from the normal institutional channels. Provides a social safety net for the poor.
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Institutional Perspective
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Defines social welfare as an integral function and a normal part of the society’s activities.
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Social Security Old Age Insurance Program
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Benefits obtained as a right, without bein indigent. The social security act authorizes Medicare and Medicaid.
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English Poor Law of 1601
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The basis of welfare law in the US, established the principle of public responsibility for the poor. Based on Colonial Poor Laws which stressed local government responsibility for the poor.
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Adam Smith
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One of the hallmarks of the efficient labor market is the ability of workers to move freely to find employment. English Poor Laws did not support this.
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HMO’s
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A benefit is their ability to offer more services at a lower cost than fee-for-service plans.
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Dorothea Lynde Dix
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Stimulated a shift in the treatment of the mentally ill in the 19th century.
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PL 94-142
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mandates states to provide special education services to children.
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Negative risk characteristics
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Factors that differentiate those in poverty from those outside. Characteristics include income, health, education, housing, and employment.
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Family Policy
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A comprehensive system of benefits and programs for families designed to protect their ability to care for children, the elderly, and the ill.
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Regressive Tax
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Higher income individuals pay a lower percentage of their total income.
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Number of Children in Foster Care
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Dramatic increase in the last ten years. Enforcement of child protection statutes has been more aggressive.
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Public Assistance Programs
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Operate on the basis of extreme need and only provided when family resources are not available.
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PL 94-173
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Legislation providing programs for children with special needs. Local school districts are responsible for this.
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Managed Care Environment
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Requires clinicians to justify services and establish time boundaries.
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Child Protective Service Movement
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Began in the 1870’s in NYC by the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
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Federal Involvement in Social Policy
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First occurred in 1912 in the child welfare field.
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The Culture of Poverty (Oscar Lewis)
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The poor remain poor because they are acculturated to behaviors that keep them in poverty.
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Richard Cloward
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Argues that the poor are able to escape from poverty when opportunities encourage them to move into employment.
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Boarder Babies
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Babies that require medical attention and were abandoned by their families.
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Alcohol
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Most commonly abused substance.
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Narcotics
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Cocaine, codeine, and crack.
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Stimulants
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Amphetamine or cocaine. Used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue, or help individuals feel stronger and more decisive.
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Gateway Substances
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Generally begin being used prior to puberty.
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Group Programs
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Preferred treatment for substance abusers.
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Contingency Treatment
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Behavioral strategy that uses both rewards and negative consequences to motivate users. Relies on frequent urine tests.
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Relationship issues for users
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Result from a suspension in the maturational process.
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Substance Abusers
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Higher risk for suicide/violent acts.
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Borderline/Antisocial Personality Disorder
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have a worse prognosis for recovering from substance abuse.
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Hallucinogens
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Associated with flashbacks or repeat performances of the drugs effects well after the drug was taken.
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Predictors of Substance Abuse
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Early drug use and memberships in drug using groups.
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One Year Drug Free
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Better chance of remaining drug free.
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Agonist Therapy
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Use of drugs to control additions (methodone).
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