Exam

Front 1

homeostasis

Back 1

when all body systems are working regularly and together to maintain balance

Front 2

gland

Back 2

an organ that synthesizes release of a hormone

Front 3

connective tissue

Back 3

tissue that supports, connects, and separates organs and tissues in the body

Front 4

epithelial tissue

Back 4

covers the whole surface of the body

Front 5

muscle tissue

Back 5

soft tissue that composes muscles

Front 6

exocrine gland

Back 6

glands that secrete products (not hormones) into ducts

Front 7

nervous tissue

Back 7

main component of nervous system

Front 8

adipose tissue

Back 8

tissue comprising fat cells

Front 9

mucous membrane

Back 9

line and protect epithelial tissue

Front 10

tissue

Back 10

an aggregate of similar cells forming a structure

Front 11

cartilage

Back 11

a firm, elastic type of connective tissue

Front 12

endocrine gland

Back 12

gland that secretes hormones

Front 13

blood

Back 13

the fluid that circulates through the circulatory system, transports nutrients and fights infection

Front 14

matrix

Back 14

the formative part

Front 15

origin & insertion

Back 15

origin: where a muscle attaches to a bone
insertion: the opposite end

Front 16

myofibrils: actin and myosin

Back 16

MF: basic unit of muscle
actin and myosin are proteins that combine to stimulate muscle movement

Front 17

prime mover and synergist

Back 17

PM: primary muscles that do that action
SYN: synergists are "helper muscles"

Front 18

neuromuscular junction

Back 18

connects nervous and muscles system through synapses

Front 19

skeletal muscle

Back 19

striated muscle under the control of somatic muscle

Front 20

cardiac muscle

Back 20

muscle that lines the inside of the heart, involuntary

Front 21

smooth muscle

Back 21

muscle that lines the inside of organs

Front 22

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Back 22

aerobic respiration- cellular respiration that requires oxygen
anaerobic respiration- cellular respiration that does not require oxygen

Front 23

oxygen debt

Back 23

after your body goes into ANA respiration, oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen you need to gain back in order return to AER respiration

Front 24

sarcomere

Back 24

the basic unit of a muscle

Front 25

muscular dystrophy

Back 25

progressive skeletal muscle weakness

Front 26

multiple sclerosis

Back 26

inflammatory diseases of the muscles

Front 27

tetanus

Back 27

condition characterized by prolonged contraction of the muscles

Front 28

dermis

Back 28

layer of skin between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissues

Front 29

hypodermis

Back 29

The hypodermis, also called the hypoderm, subcutaneous tissue, subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.

Front 30

collagen

Back 30

Collagen (pron.: /ˈkɒlədʒɨn/) is a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of vertebrates

Front 31

arrector pilli

Back 31

The arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end[1] - known colloquially as goose bumps.

Front 32

melanocytes

Back 32

Melanocytes i/mɛˈlænɵsaɪt/ are melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea),[1] the inner ear,[2] meninges,[3] bones,[4] and heart.[5] Melanin is the pigment primarily responsible for skin color.

Front 33

sebaceous

Back 33

The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals.[1

Front 34

hair follicle

Back 34

A hair follicle is a mammalian skin organ that produces hair.

Front 35

epidermis

Back 35

The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of cells in the skin

Front 36

keratin

Back 36

Keratin (/ˈkɛrətən/[1][2]) is a family of fibrous structural proteins. Keratin is the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. It is also the key structural component of hair and nails.

Front 37

eczema

Back 37

Eczema or often referred to as atopic dermatitis[2] (from Greek ἔκζεμα ēkzema, "to boil over") is a form of dermatitis,[3] or inflammation of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin).[4]

Front 38

dermal papillae

Back 38

In the human skin, the dermal papillae (DP) (singular papilla, diminutive of Latin papula, 'pimple') are small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis.

Front 39

sudoriferous

Back 39

Sweat glands (also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, from Latin sudor, meaning "sweat"),[6][7] are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. There are two main types of sweat glands:
Eccrine sweat glands are distributed almost all over the body, though their density varies from region to region. Humans utilize eccrine sweat glands as a primary form of cooling.[8]
Apocrine sweat glands are larger, have a different secretion mechanism, and are mostly limited to the axilla (armpits) and perianal areas in humans. Although apocrine glands contribute little to cooling in humans, they are the only effective sweat glands in hoofed animals such as the camel, donkey, horse, and cattle.[9][10][11]

Front 40

malignant melanoma

Back 40

Melanoma i/ˌmɛləˈnoʊmə/ (from Greek μέλας — melas, "dark")[1] is a malignant tumor of melanocytes.

Front 41

anticoagulant

Back 41

An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation (clotting) of blood

Front 42

leukocyte

Back 42

White blood cells, or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes") are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials.

Front 43

aorta

Back 43

The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation.[2]

Front 44

systole

Back 44

Systole (pron.: /ˈsɪstəliː/) is an ancient medical term first understood as a gathering and later contraction of the heart.

Front 45

fibrin

Back 45

Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.

Front 46

hemoglobin

Back 46

Hemoglobin (pron.: /hiːməˈɡloʊbɪn/; also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates

Front 47

anemia

Back 47

meaning lack of blood, from ἀν- an-, "not" + αἷμα haima, "blood") is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.

Front 48

AV valves in heart

Back 48

The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, which are between the atria and the ventricles, are the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve.

Front 49

SL valves in heart

Back 49

The two semilunar (SL) valves, which are in the arteries leaving the heart, are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.

Front 50

ventricle

Back 50

In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs.

Front 51

atria

Back 51

In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria), sometimes called auricle (although in the technical sense, the auricle is a separate part of the main atria[1] known as the atrial appendages), refers to a chamber or space.

Front 52

plasma

Back 52

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG from Greek: kardia, meaning heart) is a transthoracic (across the thorax or chest) interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, as detected by electrodes attached to the surface of the skin and recorded by a device external to the body.[1] The recording produced by this noninvasive procedure is termed an electrocardiogram (also ECG or EKG).

Front 53

coronary circulation

Back 53

Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium).

Front 54

hypertension

Back 54

Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure, sometimes called arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated.[1]

Front 55

cornea

Back 55

The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.

Front 56

rugae

Back 56

Rugae is a term used in anatomy that refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ.

Front 57

salivary gland

Back 57

The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva.

Front 58

defecation

Back 58

Defecation (colloquially known as a bowel movement or bm) is the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, and/or liquid waste material (feces) from the digestive tract via the anus.

Front 59

peristalsis

Back 59

Peristalsis is a radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down a muscular tube, in an anterograde fashion.

Front 60

villus

Back 60

Intestinal villus, Intestinal villus refers to any one of the small, finger-shaped outgrowths of the epithelial lining of the wall of the intestine. Clusters of projections are referred as Intestinal villi.

Front 61

gall bladder

Back 61

In vertebrates the gallbladder (cholecyst, gall bladder, biliary vesicle) is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans, the loss of the gallbladder is, in most cases, easily tolerated. The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy.

Front 62

liver

Back 62

he liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although new liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term.

Front 63

stomach

Back 63

The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the digestion system which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects (mid-gut), and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing).

Front 64

esophagus

Back 64

The esophagus (oesophagus, commonly known as the gullet) is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

Front 65

appendix

Back 65

The appendix (or vermiform appendix; also cecal [or caecal] appendix; also vermix) is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically.

Front 66

dendrites

Back 66

Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree") are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.

Front 67

autonomic nervous system

Back 67

The autonomic nervous system (ANS or visceral nervous system or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.

Front 68

lobes of the brain

Back 68

Frontal lobe—conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes, social differences, etc. The frontal lobes are the most uniquely human of all the brain structures.
Parietal lobe—plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various senses, and in the manipulation of objects; portions of the parietal lobe are involved with visuospatial processing
Occipital lobe—sense of sight; lesions can produce hallucinations
Temporal lobe—senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes.
Limbic lobe—emotion, memory
Insular cortex—pain, some other senses.

Front 69

synapse

Back 69

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise)

Front 70

axon

Back 70

An axon (from Greek, axis) also known as a nerve fibre; is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

Front 71

neuroglia

Back 71

Glial cells, sometimes called neuroglia or simply glia (Greek γλία, γλοία "glue"; pronounced in English as either /ˈɡliːə/ or /ˈɡlaɪə/), are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomic nervous system.[1]

Front 72

action potential

Back 72

n physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory.

Front 73

reflex

Back 73

A reflex action, differently known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.[

Front 74

cerebrum

Back 74

The cerebrum, or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitutes the prosencephalon during embryonic development. In humans, the cerebrum is the superior-most region of the vertebrate central nervous system.

Front 75

osteoblast

Back 75

Osteoblasts (from the Greek words for "bone" and "germ" or embryonic) are mononucleate cells that are responsible for bone formation;

Front 76

appendicular skeleton

Back 76

The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body

Front 77

axial skeleton

Back 77

e axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones along the central axis of the human body. It is composed of six parts; the human skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column. The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton together form the complete skeleton.

Front 78

osteocyte

Back 78

An osteocyte, a star shaped cell, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone, and can live as long as the organism itself.[1

Front 79

spongy bone

Back 79

Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells, occurs.

Front 80

yellow and red marrow

Back 80

red: Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow.
yellow:mainly fat cells

Front 81

diaphysis

Back 81

The diaphysis (/daɪˈæfəsəs/[1][2]) is the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat).

Front 82

growth plate

Back 82

a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line

Front 83

epiphysis

Back 83

The epiphysis (/ɛˈpɪfəsəs/[1][2]) is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s).

Front 84

ligament

Back 84

In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua,[1] fibrous ligament, or true ligament.

Front 85

osteoperosis

Back 85

Osteoporosis ("porous bones", from Greek: οστούν/ostoun meaning "bone" and πόρος/poros meaning "pore") is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.

Front 86

perosteum

Back 86

Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones,[1] except at the joints of long bones.[2] Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones.

Front 87

osteoclast

Back 87

An osteoclast (from the Greek words for "bone" (Οστό) and "broken" (κλαστός)) is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone (organic dry weight is 90% collagen). T

Front 88

adrenal glands

Back 88

In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that sit at the top of the kidneys

Front 89

adrenal cortisol

Back 89

Cushing's syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol.

Front 90

cushings syndrome

Back 90

Cushing's syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol.

Front 91

hyperthyroidism

Back 91

Hyperthyroidism, often referred to as an overactive thyroid, is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces and secretes excessive amounts of the free

Front 92

parathroid gland

Back 92

The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone.

Front 93

pineal gland

Back 93

The pineal gland (also called the pineal body, epiphysis cerebri, epiphysis, conarium or the "third eye") is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain.

Front 94

addisons disease

Back 94

Addison’s disease (also chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism, and hypoadrenalism) is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids).

Front 95

pituitary gland

Back 95

In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 5 grams (0.18 oz) in humans.

Front 96

thyroid

Back 96

The thyroid gland or simply, the thyroid /ˈθaɪərɔɪd/, in vertebrate anatomy, is one of the largest endocrine glands.

Front 97

thymus gland

Back 97

The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system. The thymus "educates" T-lymphocytes (T cells), which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system.

Front 98

pancreas

Back 98

The pancreas /ˈpæŋkriəs/ is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, and a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients and the digestion in the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme.

Front 99

hypothalamus

Back 99

The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό = under and θάλαμος = room, chamber) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

Front 100

diabetes mellitus

Back 100

Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced

Front 101

hormone

Back 101

A hormone (from Greek ὁρμή, "impetus") is a chemical released by a cell, a gland, or an organ in one part of the body that affects cells in other parts of the organism.

Front 102

negative feedback

Back 102

Negative feedback occurs when the result of a process influences the operation of the process itself in such a way as to reduce changes.

Front 103

calcitonin

Back 103

Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body.[2] It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Front 104

gonads

Back 104

The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. The gonads in males are the testes, and the gonads in females are the ovaries. The product, gametes, are haploid germ cells.[1] For example, spermatozoon and egg cells are gametes.

Front 105

taste bud

Back 105

Taste buds contain the receptors for taste.

Front 106

gustation

Back 106

Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation[1] is one of the five traditional senses. Taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with receptors of taste buds.

Front 107

semicircular canals

Back 107

A semicircular canal is one of three semicircular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are:
the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal),
superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal),
and the posterior semicircular canal.

Front 108

rods

Back 108

Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.

Front 109

cones

Back 109

Cone cells, or cones, are one of the two types of photoreceptor cells that are in the retina of the eye which are responsible for color vision as well as eye color sensitivity; they function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells that work better in dim light.

Front 110

retina

Back 110

The vertebrate retina (pron.: /ˈrɛtɪnə/ ret-nuh, pl. retinae, pron.: /ˈrɛtiniː/; from Latin rēte, meaning "net") is a light-sensitive layer of tissue, lining the inner surface of the eye.

Front 111

sclera

Back 111

The sclera (from the Greek skleros, meaning hard[1]), also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber.[

Front 112

olfaction

Back 112

Olfaction or olfactory perception[1] is the sense of smell.

Front 113

myopia

Back 113

nearsighted

Front 114

otic disk

Back 114

blind spot

Front 115

eustachian tube

Back 115

The Eustachian tube /juːˌsteɪ.ʃənˈtjuːb/, also auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

Front 116

otitis media

Back 116

Otitis media (Latin for "inflammation of the middle ear") is the medical term for middle ear infection.

Front 117

cochlea

Back 117

The cochlea pron.: /ˈkɒk.lɪə/ is the auditory portion of the inner ear.

Front 118

medulla oblongada

Back 118

he medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla.

Front 119

corpus collusum

Back 119

he corpus callosum (Latin: tough body), also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication.

Front 120

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 120

erebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear colorless bodily fluid produced in the choroid plexus of the brain. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull and serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.

Front 121

meninges

Back 121

The meninges is the system of membranes that envelope the central nervous system.

Front 122

cerebellum

Back 122

The cerebellum (Latin for little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control.

Front 123

thalamus

Back 123

The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, "inner chamber")[1] is a midline symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates including humans, situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain.

Front 124

pons

Back 124

The pons is implicated in sleep paralysis, and also plays a role in generating dreams.[citation nee

Front 125

tissues glands and membranes

Back 125

cells carry out all chemical activites needed to sustain life tissues provide for a division of labor among body cells body membrans line or cover protect and lubricate body surfaces

Front 126

the muscular system

Back 126

responsible fo body movement maintains posture generates heat

Front 127

the integumentary system

Back 127

pretects internal structures prevents entry of infecruous agents regulates blood temperature produces vitamin d precursor protects against watr loss

Front 128

the skeletal system

Back 128

su[ports and protects storage of minerals and adipose blood cell preoduction

Front 129

the circulation system

Back 129

trnasports nutrients to tissues transport nutrients away from tissues maintains normal body temp by trnaporting heat maintains fluid electrolyte and ph balance protects against pathogens protects against bloddloss

Front 130

the endocrine system

Back 130

one of the two major regulatory and coordinating systems of the body acts by sending hormones through the blood stream

Front 131

the digestive system

Back 131

ingestin digestions and absorption of foods and liquids to provies the body with nutrients water and electrolytes

Front 132

the general and special senses

Back 132

the means by wich the brain recieves information about the outer world and the body

Front 133

the nervous system

Back 133

one of the bodys two major regulatory and coordinating systems detects interprets responds to changes in the inter and external conditions